Enkel Forex Trading Strategier Forex Trading Strategies ønsker deg velkommen til 2017 Hvis du vil starte online Forex trading i 2017 eller bare se etter beste Forex trading strategier som fungerer. så har du kommet til rett sted. Eller hvis du vil lære pris handlingshandel, så hvis du klikker denne lenken, vil du bli tatt til min meget omfattende pris handlingsmarkedsføring kurs og ja det er gratis. Du har full tilgang til hundrevis av gratis Forex trading strategier og systemer for ulike nivåer av handelsmenn fra nybegynnere til veteran handelsfolk: Hvordan lage en solid Forex strategi En største feil for mange nye handelsmenn begynner å handle Forex uten en solid Forex trading strategi. Forexmarkedet er veldig attraktivt fordi det opererer 24 timer i døgnet, og du kan handle når markedet går opp eller når markedet går ned og i etterkant for å tjene penger, eller bevise at de dykker opp i handel. Betyr det at nybegynnere Forex-forhandlere ikke kan tjene penger Ja, du kan tjene penger på trading Forex8230 og hvis du er en nybegynnerhandler, og du kommer inn i Forex trading og begynner å tjene penger med en gang, bør du være veldig forsiktig med å la ego overvinne deg. Du kan gjøre en formuehandel med valutaer på kort sikt, men snart vil dette føre til en dårlig psykologi og handelsdisiplinproblemer, og du vil ende opp med å sprenge din valutakonto. God handelsdisiplin, psykologi og ydmykhet oppnås kun gjennom erfaring. For å lykkes i Forex trading, må you8217v få en strategiplan på plass som du må følge. Å skape eller finne en Forex trading strategi er veldig viktig da dette gjelder følgende: Begrunnelse for å ta handelen: Hvorfor kjøpe eller selge Og hvilken valutapar Timing of the trade: Hvorfor kjøpe nå, bør du kjøpe eller selge etter økonomisk pressemelding Asian session, London-sesjon New York-sesjon Handelsmål: what8217s fortjenestemålet What8217s ditt stoppfall Pengebestyring Hvor mye koster du per handel Per dag Dokumenterer og analyserer dine handelsresultater Dette identifiserer at dine sterke sider er like svake. Hva er grunnen til at du inngår en handel Og det bør være en veldig god grunn Hvis du går inn i en handel uten kjedsomhet eller bare trenger å handle for spenningen, er dette en oppskrift på katastrofe. Ingenting føles mer verre enn å inngå en handel og se på en handel forvandle seg til et tap når du nettopp vet at du ikke burde ha tatt den handelen i utgangspunktet. Hver handel skal tas ut basert på en betingelse som er oppgitt i din handelsstrategi, enten det er være en teknisk grunn eller grunnleggende grunn eller begge deler. Følg hva din handelsstrategi sier. Gratis Forex Trading Strategies Når du velger hvilken type Forex trading strategi å bruke, har du to alternativer: Du betaler enten for dem Du kan bruke noen av de gratis Forex trading strategiene på dette nettstedet og teste dem ut. Problemet med betalte Forex trading systemer er at: Du kan bruke mye penger på å kjøpe en Forex trading strategi som ikke passer din trading stil. Senere nedover linjen innser du at den ikke passer din handelsperspektiv, så du vil ikke bruke den når din første fascinasjon begynner å slites av. Bortkastede penger. Med gratis Forex trading strategier: Du har muligheten til å teste dem ut uten å betale for dem og til slutt finne et handelssystem som passer deg. Gratis Forex trading strategier kan tjene penger i Forex. Med det for øye, har denne Forex nettsiden hundrevis av Forex trading strategier for alle typer handelsmenn fra nybegynnere til avanserte handelsfolk. Du kan også like disse: Disse Forex trading systemene spenner fra enkle Forex trading strategier til komplekse Forex trading systemer, fra Forex trading strategier for nybegynnere til avanserte handelsmenn og inkludert Forex pris handling trading strategier. Her er de 6 forskjellige typer Forex trading strategier og systemer på dette nettstedet: Innholdsfortegnelse 1. Forex Price Action Trading Strategies Dette er Forex trading systemer som er basert på pris handling. Enten kan de være ren prishandel, noe som betyr at de bare stoler på lysestaker og (eller) diagrammønstre eller en kombinasjon av andre Forex-indikatorer med prishandling. Ja, du kan gjøre valutahandling bare ved å se på prisbarene. For en stor og fantastisk liste over gratis Forex-prishandlingsstrategier, klikk her. Du kan lære slike handelshandelssystemer som: Klikk her for å gå til kurshandlingsstrategiene. 2. Forex Scalping Systems Den neste gruppen av Forex trading strategier på denne Forex nettstedet er Forex scalping strategier. Hvis du wan8217t skal være en forexskalper, må du finne handelssystemer som du kan handle i en mye lavere tidsramme som 1 minutt og 5 minutters tidsrammer. Forex Scalping Systems Her er listen over forex scalping systemer på dette nettstedet: For å sjekke ut disse gratis Forex Scalping trading systemer og strategier oppført ovenfor, klikk her. Beste Forex Scalping Strategies Hvis du tenker på Forex scalping, må du ha baller av stål og veldig høy konsentrasjon, og don8217t prøver å blinke selv (bare tuller). Her er noen Forex scalping systemer og strategier på dette nettstedet: Hva er Forex Scalping Forex scalping er en dag trading teknikk hvor Forex trader utfører handel og utgang innen minutter eller sekunder i noen tilfeller. Så i hovedsak, når du er en forex skalp trader, er du ikke ute etter store fortjeneste mål, er du ute etter svært små fortjeneste mål per handel som 5 pips, 1o pips eller enda 15 pips. Og du prøver å ta mange handler gjennom handelssesjonen med disse små fortjenestemålene. Så hva er målet for Forex scalping da Vel, her er målet: FX-scalperens mål er å gjøre mange handler gjennom handelssesjonen og håper at til slutt vil alle de små fortjenestene legge opp og overstige handelstapene som påløper ( og ta vare på spredningskostnader for handel). Mange Forex trader liker ikke Forex scalping fordi de ikke ser noe poeng i å gå for svært små fortjenester og være involvert i denne typen høytrykks trading miljø. Men det morsomme er at hare er mange handelsmenn som liker Forex scalping. Hvis du er interessert, har denne forex-nettsiden også forexskalering strategier som du kan sjekke dem ut og prøve hvis du liker ved å klikke her. 3. Forex Valuta Nyheter Trading Strategies Da er det også Forex nyheter trading systemer her. Hvis 8282 du liker å handle uten lønns - eller renteavgjørelser eller sysselsettingsfrekvenser som utgis månedlig, er disse forex-handelsstrategiene og - systemene det du bør bruke. Handelsnyheter kan være både lønnsomme og ekstremt risikable. Hvis du ikke vet hva du skal gjøre, må du ikke bytte nyheter. Du kan tørke din handelskonto innen noen få sekunder til minutter fordi prisen kan bevege seg mot deg så fort at du blir tatt ut. Men hvis du ikke bruker Forex nyheter trading strategier, og så i disse dager, er det best å sjekke hver dag før du handler hvilke store økonomiske pressemeldinger som er planlagt å være ute og deretter avgjøre om du venter til nyheten er utgitt, så handler eller bare vent for en annen dag. Disse er Forex trading strategier hvor du kan bruke til å handle forex nyheter: For mer informasjon om nyheter trading strategier, oppført ovenfor, klikk her. 4. (Basic) Enkle Forex Trading Strategies For Beginners Hvis du er nybegynner, vil ha en komplisert og avansert Forex trading strategi forvirre heck ut av deg. Ta deg tid Det du trenger er å begynne med er grunnleggende Forex trading strategier og jobber deg opp derfra. Dette er veldig enkelt forex trading strategier. Å være en grunnleggende Forex trading strategi betyr ikke at de kommer til å være urentable handelssystemer. Enkel her betyr at handelsreglene for disse Forex trading strategiene er veldig enkle å forstå og utføre når du handler. Det er ikke mange forhold eller regler for å forvirre deg. That8217s hvorfor disse er egnede forex trading strategier for nybegynnere. for en fantastisk liste over enkle forex trading strategier for nybegynnere, klikk her. Disse er veldig enkle forex trading systemer egnet for nybegynnere som begynner å handle forex. Å være enkel betyr ikke at disse forexstrategiene ikke er lønnsomme. Faktisk er enkle forex trading systemer mye enklere å bruke og kan være svært lønnsomme. Når du får tak i det, kan du begynne å utvikle dine egne forex trading systemer eller gå videre til flere forex forex trading strategier og til og med pris handling forex trading strategier. Hvis du er en nybegynner forex-handelsmann, vil du virkelig ikke forvirre deg selv med alt det andre, bare finne et enkelt forex trading system og demo handle det ut en stund. Det du finner er at de enkleste forex trading systemene er de som kan tjene penger. Finn ut, hold deg til det og prøv å få det til å fungere for deg ved å holde fast ved handelsreglene med riktig handelsrisikostyring. 5. Komplekse Forex Trading Strategies Som du går opp i stigen i din forståelse, kommer du over til komplekse forex trading strategier og systemer. Denne typen forex trading strategier trenger mye mer tenkning og handelsforhold og dermed navnet-komplekse trading strategier. 6. Avanserte Forex Trading Strategies Jeg don8217t vet hvorfor jeg må sette opp en 8220Advanced Forex trading strategies8221 kategori, men jeg har så there8217s ingenting jeg kan gjøre med det nå. Nesten lik komplekse forex trading strategier, tar avanserte forex trading strategier litt å bli vant til. Det kan være mange forhold å falle på plass før du kan utføre en handel. Disse Forex trading strategier i avansert kategori involverer litt mer tenkning og de er ikke så enkle hvis du er ny forex handelsmann. Forex Trading strategier som: Cick her for å gå over til denne listen over avanserte forex trading systemer gitt ovenfor. Pris Handling Handel Pris handling handel er rett og slett teknisk analyse handel ved hjelp av handlingene av lysestaker, diagram mønstre, støtte og motstand nivåer å utføre bestillinger. For å være en bedre handel med handelen, må du ha en solid forståelse av hvordan pris handlingsteori og hvordan du handler det i sanntid. Av denne grunn skrev I8217ve et kurshandlings kurs. Og ja, det kommer ikke til å koste deg anything8230it er helt gratis. Hvis du liker å vite hvordan du handler med prishandling, klikker du på denne lenken og du blir tatt med til min Forex-prishandlings kurs som vil lære deg å bli en bedre prishandler. I kurshandlings kurset lærer du om ting som: og mye mer. Klikk her for å gå til denne kurshandlings kurset. Hvis du liker å vite hvilken type Forex trading strategi som en nybegynner forex handelsmann pleide å gjøre en million dollar i trading forex, så les dette innlegget jeg skrev: Hvordan Fred gjorde 1 million dollar fra 40 handler i 3 måneder - du ville ikke tro på hva som skjer Neste) Hvis du vil vite hvordan du kan formere forex fortjenesten raskt, så er pyramidhandelmetoden en metode du bør vite og lære å gjøre det riktig. Og dette er ikke alt, det er: mange handelstips, handelsmetoder og - teknikker, forexindikatorer ekspertrådgivere Forex-artikler Alt du trenger å gjøre er å søke i de forskjellige kategoriene på dette nettstedet. Her er det mange hundre gratis forex trading strategier og systemer for ulike nivåer av handelsmenn fra nybegynnere til veteran handelsfolk. Så ta deg tid til å utforske og jeg håper at du finner den beste forex trading strategi som du kan bruke til å handle forex markedet og mange lønnsomme pips til deg. 4 Essential Elements Of A Forex Trading Strategy Hva er en Forex trading strategi (system) En Forex trading strategi er rett og slett et sett med regler som forteller deg når du skal kjøpe eller selge når visse markedsforhold er oppfylt for å tjene penger. Enhver forex trading strategi bør ha disse 4 kjerne, men grunnleggende elementer: tilstanden (e) som burde utløse deg til å kjøpe eller selge. hvor du skal plassere stoppkortet ditt, hvor du skal plassere, ta overskuddsmål og systemet bør ha regler for hvordan du skal håndtere en handel. At8217s definisjonen av en hva en forex trading strategi er. Hvis et handelssystem som ikke har noen av disse kjerneelementene, vil du bli forvirret i implementeringen. For å si enkelt kan forexmarkedet sies å være kaotisk. Så for å få ordre på et kaotisk marked, må du ha regler. Forex Strategies Resource There8217s også mye mer Forex strategier ressurser i denne Forex nettstedet som inkluderer: La meg gi deg en kort oversikt over hva som er i them8230 Lysestaker og diagrammønstre Her har du: Forex Trading Videoer Watching forex trading videoer er en rask måte å lære om forex trading samt å forstå trading konsepter mye raskere, inkludert å lære forex trading strategier. Forex Trading Videoer her inkluderer følgende: Forex Artikler Forex Trading Tips Forex MT4 Indikatorer Forex Trading Signaler (GRATIS) Jeg tilbyr også gratis forex trading signaler. Disse Forex trading signaler er basert på pris handling trading oppsett. Det blir virkelig på den populære artikkelen på dette forex-nettstedet, så jeg ber deg om å bestille merke det eller bli med på e-postlisten min, hvor du får tilsendt handelsoppsettvarsler sendt hver uke: Hvordan fungerer det i forex trading signaler området er at jeg vil legge inn Forex trading signaler som kan skje i løpet av uken gir diagrammer og trading oppsett og hvordan du kan handle dem. Etter at uken avsluttes, vil jeg gi deg en oppdatering av hva som skjedde i forex trading signal gjennomgang siden. På denne måten kan du faktisk se 8220before8221 og 8220after8221 situasjonen for prishandling på jobben, og jeg håper at dette vil gi deg en bedre forståelse av handlingshandelen. Forex Trading Strategies That Work Hver Forex Trader er different8230what du liker er ikke det jeg liker. Det du tror er den beste Forex tradingstrategien for meg, vil ikke være den samme. Dette spørsmålet er igjen for hver enkelt Forex-handler. Du må finne Forex trading strategi som passer din handel personlighet og når du gjør det, ville det være din beste forex trading strategi (etter min mening). Derfor, hvis du er ute etter Forex trading strategier som fungerer. bare forstå at ett system ikke kan fungere for alle. Jeg kan like prishandlingshandel, men du kan gjerne bruke indikatorer i ditt handelssystem. Du må undersøke og teste og finne ut hvilken type forex trading strategier og systemer fungerer for deg, bare fordi hver kropp er forskjellig. Hvis du liker å flytte gjennomsnittlige forex tradingstrategier, er det mange av dem på dette nettstedet. Hvis du liker scalping Forex trading strategier, er de her til. Hvis du liker nyheter trading strategier, er de her til. Hvis du liker dag trading strategier og systemer, er det her til. Hvis du liker swing trading strategier og system, er mange av strategiene her swing trading systemer. Alt du trenger å gjøre er å finne en du liker, og gjør at Forex trading strategi fungerer for deg. Eller hvis du ikke finner et Forex-system som du liker, men det er en som du liker, men likevel ikke egentlig passer ... hvorfor ikke endre det. Hvorfor ikke endre det ved å kombinere noen forskjellige handelsteknikker eller ideer fra 8220s trading system8221 og 8220that trading system8221 og deretter lage et handelssystem du er fornøyd med Nobody8217s kommer til å stoppe deg. Nå kan vi si at etter at you8217ve har funnet Forex-strategien din at du liker8230 hva skal du gjøre? Vel, åpne en demo trading konto med en Forex megler og test ut systemet for å se hvordan det fungerer i ekte live markedsforhold. That8217 er den eneste måten du vet hvordan Forex trading systemet vil fungere. Alle handelsstrategier og systemer kan se bra ut på dette nettstedet, men hvis du liker på handelssystemet, må du virkelig teste det ut. Så når you8217ve er fornøyd, så kan du begynne å handle med ekte penger. Dette er hvor moroa begynner med live-penger. Hvor mange Forex trading strategier trenger du Hvis du foretrekker å handle kun en type trading oppsett så you8217d bare trenger på Forex trading system. Men hvis du liker å handle med ulike markedsforhold, er det viktig å ha flere faste forex trading systemer for hver av de forskjellige markedsforholdene. hvis markedet er i en trend, så bruker du et trendhandelssystem hvis markedet er i konsolidering eller i en rekkevidde, you8217d må bruke et rekkeviddehandelssystem dersom markedet kommer til store støtte - eller motstandsnivåer, kan det hende du har å bytte til ved hjelp av et støtte - og motstands trading system. Så det er virkelig opp til Forex Trader å bestemme. Hvis du er nybegynnere forex handelsmenn, foreslår jeg at du bare velger bare en forex trading og holder deg til det. Forex Day Trading Strategies Hvis du er opptatt av dag handel, er det så mange Forex Day trading strategier du kan finne gratis her og tilpasse dem for å passe din dag handel stil. Du må bare bruke fantasien din: Hvis en forex tradingstrategi er basert på de daglige tidsrammer, hvorfor ikke endre tidsrammen ned til 15 minutter og se om det fungerer i den mindre skalaen tidsrammen så vel Så hvis du ser et forex trading system sier at 8220its er egnet for handel med bare de daglige tidsrammer, 8221 som ikke betyr at den er skrevet i betong. Du kan prøve den handelsstrategien i en mye mindre tidsramme, slik at du kan handle daglig. Forex Trading Basics Handel Forex Med en 9-5 Jobb Tilsvarende, hvis du er en mann med en 9-5 jobb og trading Forex, noen ganger det er vanskelig å handle mens du er på jobb, rett Hvorfor ikke finne en forex trading strategi som ikke tar en mye tid og det systemet er som et 8220SET OG FORGET TRADING SYSTEM.8221 Vel, det finnes forex trading strategier her som passer til disse criteria8230 du trenger bare å handle en gang om dagen og se etter oppsettet en gang om dagen. Hvis tiden er hva du ikke har, tror jeg på å finne en slik forex handelsstrategi, vil du hjelpe deg med å nå målet om handel forex mens du jobber. Ellers vil du alltid måtte slå 8220boss key8221 når noen kommer rundt til skrivebordet på jobben Swing Trading vs Day Trading Hver forex-trader er annerledes. Noen liker å handle kortere tidsrammer og holde sine handelsmenn åpne for kortere perioder, noe som betyr at dagens tradingsteknikk slags kommer inn i spill her. Men da er det forexhandlere som er svingehandlere8230 Swinghandlere er de handelsmenn som tar en handel og har en mye mellomlang og lengre siktutsikt. Dette betyr at en handel kan åpnes, og det kan ta en dag til uke eller måneder før handel er stengt. Swing handelsfolk som å vente på handel å spille ut så lenge det kan ta, avhenger av pris handling og markedsbevegelse virkelig. Fordelen med swing trading er derfor det faktum at alle mindre svingninger i mindre tidsrammer (som er domenen til daghandleren) blir ignorert og en større langsiktig visning holdes angående hver handel som er plassert. Fordelen med swing trading er derfor disse: handler holdt i dager, uker og måneder betyr mye mer profitt mindre prisstøy er irrelevante handler er ofte inngått på swing poeng, som i de fleste tilfeller er presentert veldig lav risiko, høy belønning handel inngang punkter. Den eneste største ulempen med swing trading er you8217ve noen ganger må opprettholde handelen selv i sin opp og ned svingninger av pris som det leder til din fortjeneste målet. Fordelene ved daghandel er disse: fortjeneste eller tap som er realisert på kortere tidspunkter i løpet av dagen. Det finnes mye mer handelsmuligheter i løpet av dagen. Ulempene med dagens handel er disse: små fortjeneste for hvert handelspotensial til å over-trade høyt trykk og hektisk handelsmiljø og må være konstant opptatt av å skanne dine handelsdiagrammer for oppsett. Scalping er også en meget kortere form for dag trading8230it tar minutter eller sekunder å åpne kan lukke en handel. Topp 10 Forex Swing Trading Strategies Here8217s en liste I8217ve laget av topp 10 swing trading strategier. Klikk på lenken ovenfor for å sjekke disse fantastiske Forex swing trading strategiene ut. The Best Forex Brokers Mitt generelle råd er dette: finne forex meglere som har blitt etablert lenge, en tur og har godt omdømme og styres av forex tilsynsorganer finner forex meglere som har kontorer i anerkjente land som i Storbritannia, USA, Canada og Australia fordi de lovgivningsmessige kravene i disse landene er mye bedre enn andre. Det er derfor jeg sier det. I USA vil en anerkjent forexmegler være medlem av National Futures Association (NFA) og bli registrert hos U. Smodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) som en futures kommisjon selgere og detaljhandel valutamarkedet forhandler. I Storbritannia er forex meglere regulert under Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), og i Australia er forex meglere regulert under ASIC. også velg forex meglere som har lavere spreads. Du handler om kostnadsøkning hvis du har handelskonto med forex meglere som har store spreads. noen forex meglere har også minimum innskudd de trenger før du kan handle. Sjekk dem ut før du åpner en handelskonto med dem. Enkel innskudd som tilbaketrekking. hvor mange valutapar tilbys. Beste timer å handle Forex meninger kan variere, men en ting er sikkert lettere å tjene penger på handel med valutamarkedet når fx markedet har volatilitet og fart. Og så når det kommer til det, liker mange forexhandlere å handle forexmarkedet i London-sesjonen og den nye økten din. Londons forex-økt er hvor stort volum forex-transaksjoner blir gjort hver dag som følger etter neste av den nye økten din. I den asiatiske forex trading sesjonen, er det ofte preget av tynne volumer i løpet av dagen. Det er best i min mening å handle forex i London fx timer eller under New Your Forex trading session. Best Valuta Par å handle Å velge et valutapar for handel er svært viktig. Here8217s hvorfor: Noen valutapar ikke trener veldig bra, noen valutapar har bare en tendens til å fungere godt under bestemte tider i løpet av dagen, for eksempel London og ny din handelssession. noen valutapar har svært store sprer i overkant av 3-5 pips med noen forex meglere, og hvis du handler en standardkontrakt, er at8217s omtrent 10-50 tap med en gang etter at du har inngått en handel og pris må bevege seg så mye i retning av din handel for å gjøre det trade breakeven. noen valutapar har veldig hakkede egenskaper som betyr at de har en tendens til å spike og hvis stoppet ditt er for nært, blir du stoppet ut. Hvor ofte må du handle. Vil du holde posisjoner i lengre tid, eller vil du være en dagshandler De fleste handelsfolk er ikke full tid handelsfolk fordi de fleste vil ha dag jobber mens trading og dette vil ofte avgjøre hvilken type handel en handelsmann gjør fra å være en dag handelsmann til å holde posisjoner i lang tid som en swing trader. For noen, fordi valutamarkedet opererer 24 timer i løpet av dagen, kan de handle etter arbeid i noen minutter eller timer hver dag. Din sluttmål i Forex Trading Forex Trading Strategies Suksess tilhører deg Hva er ditt fortjeneste mål, hva er ditt stopp tap, hvordan skal du styre en lønnsom handel Ingenting er mer frustrerende enn å se en positiv handel bli negativ og til slutt inn i en tap. At8217s hvorfor det er viktig å plassere ta fortjenestemål, ditt stoppfall og også planen om å stoppe aktivering: Når og hvor du skal aktivere den. Innstilling av profittmål bidrar også til å slutte å ta svært lite fortjeneste for tidlig. Prisen vil gå hvor den vil gå. Så hvis du har en kjøpshandel, tror du ikke det vil gå opp. At8217s hvorfor du trenger et stoppfall. Stopp tapet skaper disiplin og DON8217T BEVAR DIN STOPPFALL som prishoder for å ta det lille tapet i stedet for et stort tap. Det er en annen dag å handle i morgen. Trade for the long term8230don8217t handel som there8217s ikke i morgen. Holy Grail Of Forex Trading Den hellige graden av Forex trading er pengehåndtering. Noen ganger kalt Trading Risk Management. Du får denne rett ved å være disiplinert og gjøre det riktige, og hva du vil se det at det bare er et spørsmål om tid før du begynner å lage gode valutahandel forex. Hva blåser millioner av forex trading kontoer er Money Management. Så gjør det ikke fornuftig å vokse deg selv med å få dette riktig Du ser, ingen forex handelsstrategi vil gi deg 100 suksessrate. Ingen. Når en handel er plassert, er utfallet du ikke vil garantert fordi du kan kontrollere markedsprisen og hvor den skal gå neste. Du er til nåde av markedskrefter av tilbud og etterspørsel til kjøpere og selgere. Men hva du kan kontrollere er RISK. That8217 er det eneste du har absolutt kontroll over i en handel8230 din handelsrisiko. Du bestemmer hvor mye av kontoen du skal risikere i en handel. Forex Trading Software Disse dager, når du snakker om Forex trading programvare, kan det være: Hva er ekspertrådgivere Ekspertrådgivere er handelssystemer kodet slik at dette programmet kan kjøpe eller selge uten noen menneskelig inngrep. Hvis du har en forex trading strategi med klare regler om når du skal kjøpe og selge, kan den programmeres til en ekspertrådgiver. Nå er forex-indikatorer på de andre hender verktøy som du ofte finner på handelsplattformene dine, som hjelper deg med å ta en beslutning om å kjøpe eller selge. Flytte gjennomsnitt, Stokastikk, MACD, bare for å nevne noen, er forexindikatorer. Nå, når du åpner en demo-konto eller en ekte live-konto med en forex-megler, blir programvaren du bruker til å kjøpe eller selge, kalt handelsplattformen. Mange forex meglere i disse dager gir også Metatrader4 trading plattform. MT4-plattformen er en programvare som er enkel å laste ned, og det er min mening, en av de enkleste å forstå og bruke. 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Handel Forex fra hjemmet Skjønnheten om Forex trading i disse dager er så lenge du har en internettforbindelse og du har en bærbar datamaskin eller iphoneipad, kan du bokstavelig talt handle fra hvor som helst i verden. Valutamarkedet er med andre ord. Hvilket betyr at hvis du er husmor som leser dette, kan du handle også. Det er forex trading strategier på dette nettstedet som tillater deg å ta bare én handel en dag, og du trenger bare å sjekke handelsoppsettet en gang om dagen. Forex Trading Course (FREE FOREX COURSE) Det er mange nettsteder som selger Forex kurs online. Jeg vet at noen av dere ikke har penger til å bruke på slike betalte Forex kurs. Så jeg legger sammen noe jeg ville ha ønsket som en nybegynner Forex-aktør. Jeg brukte mye tid på å lage et gratis Forex trading kurs for deg. Alt du trenger å gjøre er å klikke på denne lenken: Forex trading kurs. Denne Forex trading kurset dekker de fleste av de viktige tingene du trenger å vite før du begynner å handle Forex. Bortsett fra dette Forex kurset. ta en titt rundt på dette nettstedet, det er så mange strategier og handelstips og artikler som kan hjelpe deg som en Forex-aktør. Det betyr verden for meg hvis du kan dele dette nettstedet med dine venner og fans på Facebook, Twitter, Instagram eller hva som helst handelsforum du er på, fordi du drar nytte av den gratis informasjonen I8217m som gir deg her og dine venner, vil virkelig takke deg for viser dem dette gratis forex trading strategier området også. De fleste gamle mesoamerikanske sivilisasjoner bygget pyramideformede strukturer. Disse var vanligvis trinnpyramider, med templer på toppen mer liknende med zigguraten i Mesopotamia enn Pyramidene i det gamle Egypt. Mesoamerikanske pyramider serverte mange funksjoner fra - fra astronomiske observatorier til steder av rituell tilbedelse og ofre, og kanskje noe knyttet til utenomjordiske. Maya er et folk i Sør-Mexico og Nord-Mellom-Amerika (Guatemala, Belize, Vest-Honduras og El Salvador) med noen 3000 års historie. Arkeologiske bevis viser at Maya begynte å bygge seremoniell arkitektur for omtrent 3000 år siden. De tidligste monumentene besto av enkle gravhuller, forløperne til de spektakulære, trappede pyramidene fra Terminal Pre-klassiske perioden og utover. These pyramids relied on intricate carved stone in order to create a stair-stepped design. Many of these structures featured a top platform upon which a smaller dedicatory building was constructed, associated with a particular Maya deity. Maya pyramid-like structures were also erected to serve as a place of interment for powerful rulers. Maya pyramid structures occur in a great variety of forms and functions, bounded by regional and period differences. The complexity of their celestial alignments, structure and design baffle archaeologists to this day. Mexican pyramid has two more inside, scientists discover The Guardian - November 17, 2016 Experts have discovered a third structure within the Kukulkan pyramid in eastern Mexico, revealing that it was built like a Russian nesting doll. A 10-metre-tall pyramid was found within another 20-metre structure, which itself is enveloped by the 30-metre exterior visible at the Maya archeological complex known as Chichen Itza in Yucatan state. The smallest pyramid was built between the years 550 and 800, engineers and anthropologists said. The middle structure had already been discovered in the 1930s and dates back to the years 800-1000, while the largest one was finished between 1050 and 1300. Sacred sinkhole discovered under 1,000-year-old Mayan temple. and it may eventually destroy the pyramid Daily Mail - August 17, 2015 It is a towering testament to a long dead civilization and has fascinated archaeologists for more than 150 years, but one of the most famous Mayan pyramids has been hiding a secret beneath its mighty steps. Researchers have discovered an enormous sinkhole beneath the 1,000-year-old Temple of Kukulkan, also known as El Castillo, which dominates the Mayan city of Chichen Itza in the northern Yucatan Peninusula of Mexico. And they fear the underground cavern, or cenote, which has a river running through it, may eventually cause the entire pyramid to collapse if its roof gives way. Pyramids of Mesoamerica One of the most famous pyramid sites can be found at Chichen Itza, its name meaning At the mouth of the well of the Itza (people). Although this was the name for the site in pre-Columbian times, it is also referred to in the ancient chronicles as Uucyabnal, meaning Seven Great Rulers. It is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site built by the Maya civilization located in the northern center of the Yucatan Peninsula, in the Yucatan state, present-day Mexico. Chichen Itza contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation the buildings were formerly used as temples, palaces, stages, markets, baths, and ball courts. El Castillo - Temple of Kukulkan Dominating the center of Chichen is the Temple of Kukulkan (the Maya name for Quetzalcoatl ), often referred to as El Castillo (the castle). This step pyramid has a ground plan of square terraces with stairways up each of the four sides to the temple on top. On the Spring and Autumn equinox, at the rising and setting of the sun, the corner of the structure casts a shadow in the shape of a plumed serpent - Kukulcan, or Quetzalcoatl - along the west side of the north staircase. On these two annual occasions, the shadows from the corner tiers slither down the northern side of the pyramid with the suns movement to the serpents head at the base. Mesoamerican cultures periodically built larger pyramids atop older ones, and this is one such example. In the mid 1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation of El Castillo. After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid. By digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one. Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Mool - a human figure in a position of reclining with the head up and turned to one side, holding a tray over the stomach. A Mayan glyph shows KukulkanQuetzalcoatl the plumed serpent with a gigantic Quetzal bird behind him. The Quetzal has represented the Spirit of the Maya for thousands of years. Spirits, in many traditions, speak in echoes, lacking a body, just pure frequency and sound. Handclaps evoke chirped echoes from the staircases of the Pyramid of Kukulkan. The physics of the chirped echo can be explained quite simply as periodic reflections from stepfaces. The chirped-echo sounds much like the primary call of the Mayan sacred bird, the resplendent Quetzal. The sounds perhaps trigger something with the subconscious of the person listening as harmonics are linked to creation. Throughout the world, ancient cathedrals and monuments have been acoustically designed to align with the sacred geometry of human consciousness, igniting when accessed. Could the Maya have intentionally coded the sound of their sacred bird into the pyramid architecture The dimensions of the steps are the key to the effect. Each step is tall, but the tread, where the foot is placed, doesnt cut deeply into the pyramid. If the stairs were deeper and not so high, the effect on the echoes would not be as great, and they wouldnt sound like a chirp. In the millennium since this pyramid was built, though the plaster has eroded from the limestone staircases, the sound is still recognizable. Today the Quetzal still plays an important role in modern Mayan culture. The Quetzal is the unit of currency in Guatemala. The Guatemalan government issues a prestigious award named The Order of the Quetzal. Temple of the Tables To the east of El Castillo are a series of buildings, the northernmost is the Temple of the Tables. Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called Atlantes. The Great Ball Court Stone Ring located 9 m (30 ft) above the floor of the Great Ballcourt, Chichen Itza Archaeologists have identified several courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame in Chichn, but the Great Ball Court about 150 metres (490 ft) to the north-west of the Castillo is by far the most impressive. It is the largest ball court in ancient Mesoamerica. It measures 166 by 68 metres (540 ft x 220 ft). The imposing walls are 12 metres (39 ft) high, and in the center, high up on each of the long walls, are rings carved with intertwining serpents. At the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players. In one panel, one of the players has been decapitated and from the wound emits seven streams of blood six become wriggling serpents and the center becomes a winding plant. Temple of the Bearded Man At one end of the Great Ball Court is the North Temple, popularly called the Temple of the Bearded Man. This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair. At the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins. Temple of the Jaguar Built into the east wall are the Temple of the Jaguar. The Upper Temple of the Jaguar overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif. Inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene. The Temple of the Jaguar features a jaguar throne with red paint and jade spots. Behind this platform is a walled inscription which depicts a relief of Tzompantli - a low, flat platform surrounded with carved depictions of human skulls. A doorway at the base of the north stairway leads to a tunnel, from which one can climb the steps of the earlier version of El Castillo inside the current one, up to the room on the top where you can see King Kukulcans Jaguar Throne, carved of stone and painted red with spots made of inlaid jade. In the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar, which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration. The outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas-relief carvings. Temple of a Thousand Warriors The Temple of the Warriors and its adjacent Temple of the Jaguar are very impressive ruins of the complex. A massive temple structure, surrounded by hundreds of columns is carved with reliefs. The columns continue on into the jungle, that part of the temple still has not been restored. The Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors. This complex is analogous to Temple B at the Toltec capital of Tula, and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions. The one at Chichen Itza, however, was constructed on a larger scale. At the top of the stairway on the pyramids summit (and leading towards the entrance of the pyramids temple) is a Chac Mool. This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool. Along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors are a series of what are today exposed columns, although when the city was inhabited these would have supported an extensive roof system. The columns are in three distinct sections: an east group, that extends the lines of the front of the Temple of Warriors a north group, which runs along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors and contains pillars with carvings of soldiers in bas-relief and a northeast group, which was apparently formed a small temple at the southeast corner of the Temple of Warriors, which contains a rectangular decorated with carvings of people or gods, as well as animals and serpents. The northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering, a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some 40 metres (130 ft) away to a rejollada, a former cenote. To the north of Las Monjas is a cockeyed, round building on a large square platform. Its nicknamed El Caracol (the snail) because of the stone spiral staircase inside. The structure with its unusual placement on the platform and its round shape (the others are rectangular, in keeping with Maya practice), is theorized to have been a proto-observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of Venus as it traverses the heavens. Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Teotihuacan Teotihuacan was, at its height in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas. The city during its existence was larger than any European city of the same era, possibly including Rome. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan. Its influence spread throughout Mesoamerica evidence of Teotihuacano presence, if not outright political and economic control, can be seen at numerous sites in Veracruz and the Maya region. The city was located in what is now the San Juan Teotihuacan municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico, approximately 40 km (24.8 mi) northeast of Mexico City. It covers a total surface area of 83 kms and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. The early history of Teotihuacan is quite mysterious, and the origin of its founders is debated. For many years, archaeologists believed it was built by the Toltec. This belief was based on colonial period texts such as the Florentine Codex which attributed the site to the Toltecs. However, the Nahuatl word Toltec generally means craftsman of the highest level and may not always refer to the archaeological Toltec civilization centered at Tula, Hidalgo. Since Toltec civilization flourished centuries after Teotihuacan, they cannot be understood as the citys founders. In the Late Formative period, a number of urban centers arose in central Mexico. The most prominent of these appears to have been Cuicuilco, on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco. Scholars have speculated that the eruption of the Xitle volcano may have prompted a mass emigration out of the central valley and into the Teotihuacan valley. These settlers may have founded andor accelerated the growth of Teotihuacan. Other scholars have put forth the Totonac people as the founders of Teotihuacan, and the debate continues to this day. There is evidence that at least some of the people living in Teotihuacan came from areas influenced by the Tiwanaku Civilization. including the Zapotec, Mixtec and Maya peoples. The culture and architecture of Teotihuacan was influenced by the Olmec Civilization. who are considered to be the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica. The Pyramid of the Sun The earliest buildings at Teotihuacan date to about 200 BCE. The Pyramid of the Sun. was completed by 100 BCE. It is the largest building in Teotihuacan and one of the largest in Mesoamerica. Found along the Avenue of the Dead, in between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, and in the shadow of the massive mountain Cerro Gordo, the pyramid is part of a large complex in the heart of the city. The name Pyramid of the Sun comes from the Aztecs. who visited the city of Teotihuacan centuries after it was abandoned the name given to the pyramid by the Teotihuacanos. It was constructed in two phases. The first construction stage, around 100 A. D. brought the pyramid to nearly the size it is today. The second round of construction resulted in its completed size of 738 feet (225 meters) across and 246 feet (75 meters) high, making it the third largest pyramid in the world behind the Great Pyramid of Cholula and The Great Pyramid. The second phase also saw the construction of an altar atop of the pyramid, which has not survived into modern times. The Adosada platform was added to the pyramid in the early third century, at around the same time that the Ciudadela and Temple of the Feathered Serpent, (see below) Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent were constructed. Over the structure the ancient Teotihuacanos finished their pyramid with lime plaster imported from surrounding areas, on which they painted brilliantly colored murals. While the pyramid has endured for centuries, the paint and plaster have not and are no longer visible. Few images are thought to have been included in the mural decorations on the sides of the pyramid. Jaguar heads and paws, stars, and snake rattles are among the few images associated with the pyramids. It is thought that the pyramid venerated a deity within Teotihuacan society but the destruction of the temple on top of the pyramid, by both deliberate and natural forces prior to the archaeological study of the site, has so far prevented identification of the pyramid with any particular deity. Some scholars have suggested that the deity of the pyramid was the Great Goddess, one of two major Teotihuacan deities and one of the few goddesses in ancient Mesoamerica. However, little evidence exists to support this theory. The first major archaeological excavation of the site was done by Leopoldo Batres in 1906. Batres supervised restoration of the Pyramid for the 1910 centennial of Mexican independence. Some aspects of Batres reconstruction of the pyramid have been questioned by later archaeologists. Subsequent excavations of Teotihuacan have continued to the present. In 1925 Pedro Dosal discovered skeletons at the 4 corners of the foundations of the temple, which he interpreted as human sacrifices at the dedication of the temple. Structure location and orientation The orientation of the structure may hold some anthropological significance. The pyramid is oriented slightly northwest of the horizon point of the setting sun on two days a year, August 12 and April 29, which are about one divinatory calendar year apart for the Teotihuacanos. The day of August 12 is significant because it would have marked the date of the beginning of the present era and the initial day of the Maya long count calendar. In addition, many important astrological events can be viewed from the location of the pyramid that are important in terms of both agriculture and belief systems of the ancient society. The pyramid was built over a man-made tunnel leading to a cave located six meters down beneath the center of the structure. Originally this was believed to be a naturally formed lava tube cave and interpreted as possibly the place of Chicomoztoc, the place of human origin according to Nahua legends. More recent excavations have suggested that the space is man-made instead, and could have served as a royal tomb. In 2008 scientists used muon detectors to try to find other chambers within the interior of the pyramid, but substantial looting has prevented the discovery of a function for the chambers in Teotihuacan society. Only a few caches of artifacts have been found in and around the pyramid. Obsidian arrowheads and human figurines have been discovered inside the pyramid and similar objects have been found at the nearby Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent in the Ciudadela. These objects may have represented sacrificial victims. In addition, burial sites of children have been found in excavations at the corners of the pyramid. It is believed that these burials were part of a sacrificial ritual dedicating the building of the pyramid. Original offering found at Teotihuacan pyramid PhysOrg - December 14, 2011 Archaeologists announced Tuesday that they dug to the very core of Mexicos tallest pyramid and found what may be the original ceremonial offering placed on the site of the Pyramid of the Sun before construction began. The offerings found at the base of the pyramid in the Teotihuacan ruin site just north of Mexico City include a green serpentine stone mask so delicately carved and detailed that archaeologists believe it may have been a portrait. The find also includes 11 ceremonial clay pots dedicated to a rain god similar to Tlaloc, who was still worshipped in the area 1,500 years later, according to a statement by the National Institute of Anthropology and History, or INAH. Archaeologists in Mexico have uncovered a small treasure trove of items that may have been placed as offerings to mark the start of construction on the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun almost 2,000 years ago. The offerings include pieces of obsidian and pottery as well as animal remains. Perhaps most striking are three human figurines made out of a green stone, one of which is a serpentine mask that researchers think may have been a portrait. The location of the excavation site between the Feathered Serpent Temple and the platform in front of it (Structure IC). Vertical shaft in front of the Feathered Serpent Temple. The Pyramid of the Moon The Pyramid of the Moon is the second largest building in Teotihuacan after the Pyramid of the Sun. The Pyramid of the Moon is located in the northern part of Teotihuacan and it mimics the contours of Cerro Gordo. Some have called it Tenan which in Nahuatl means mother or protective stone. The Pyramid of the Moon covers a structure older than the Pyramid of the Sun which existed prior to 200 A. D. The Pyramids construction between 200 and 450 A. D. completed the bilateral symmetry of the temple complex. A slope in front of the staircase gives access to the Avenue of the Dead, a platform atop the pyramid was used to conduct ceremonies in honor of Chalchiuhtlicue, the goddess of water and of the moon. This platform and the sculpture found at the pyramids bottom are thus dedicated to Chalchiuhtlicue. Opposite Chalchiuhtlicues altar is the Plaza of the Moon. The Plaza contains a central altar and an original construction with internal divisions, consisting of four rectangular and diagonal bodies that formed what is known as the Teotihuacan Cross. Between 100 and 500 A. D, an ancient people built a flourishing metropolis called Teotihuacan on a plateau about 25 miles (40 km) from present-day Mexico City. With its accurately aligned avenues and a huge plaza surrounded by 15 monumental pyramids. It was said by the Aztecs to have been surmounted by a huge stone figure related to the moon but this figure was uncovered (weighing 22 tonnes and was somehow lifted to the top of the pyramid) and it is thought more likely that it represents a water deity. Recently, archaeologists have excavated beneath the Pyramid of the Moon. The archaeologists are looking for clues to the history of this mysterious culture. Tunnels dug into the structure have revealed that the Teotihuacans citizens did not remain pleased with their architectural feats for very long. Over a period of several hundred years, the pyramid underwent at least six facelifts and each new addition was larger and covered the previous structure. As the archeologists burrowed through the layers of the pyramid, they discovered artifacts that provide the beginning of a timeline to the history of Teotihuacan. The latest find, made by a team led by Saburo Sugiyama, associate professor at Aichi Prefectural University in Japan and adjunct faculty at Arizona State University, and Ruben Cabrera of Mexicos National Institute of Anthropology and History, is a tomb apparently made to dedicate the fifth phase of construction. It contains four human skeletons, animal bones, jewelry, obsidian blades, and a wide variety of other offerings. Archeologists estimated that the burial occurred between 100 and 200 A. D. Another tomb dedicated to Chalchiuhtlicue was discovered in 2007. It is dated to the fourth stage of construction. It contained a single human male sacrificial victim as well as a wolf, jaguar, puma, serpent, bird skeletons, and more than 400 other relics which include a large greenstone and obsidian figurines, ceremonial knives, and spear points. Temple of the Feathered Serpent in Teotihuacan The Temple of the Feathered Serpent of Teotihuacan is an important religious and political center of the city. The Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent has revealed a great deal about religious ceremonies, burials, and politics in ancient Mesoamerica for the site of Teotihuacan. The structure contains some of the earliest-known representations of the Mesoamerican plumed serpent deity figure, most generally known by the term Quetzalcoatl, from the Nahuatl language of the much-later Aztec peoples. The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is located at the Pre-Columbian site of Teotihuacan, which was at one time the largest city in the western hemisphere. The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is located in the Ciudadela at the South end of the Avenue of the Dead, a long avenue which is surrounded by platforms displaying the talud-tablero architectural style. The Ciudadela is a Spanish term first used when the Spanish conquistadors arrived at Teotihuacan. It is a structure with high walls and a large courtyard that surrounds the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent. The Ciudadelas courtyard is massive enough that it could house the entire adult population of Teotihuacan within its walls, which was estimated to be one hundred to two hundred thousand people during its peak. Within the Ciudadela there are several monumental structures, including the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, two mansions on the North and South side of the pyramid and the Adosada platform. The Adosada platform is located on the front, West side of the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, blocking its front view. The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is built in the talud-tablero style, with several platforms forming the pyramid. In between every platform there is a wall where a feathered serpents head sticks outward. Its body wraps around the entire pyramid. Along with the feathered serpent there is also another figure that some believe is a representation of a crocodile or a representation of the deity Tlaloc. These figures alternate around the pyramid. In the eyes of these figures there is a spot for obsidian glass to be put in, so when the light hits, its eyes would glimmer. In between the heads a row of three shells can be found, showing that the people of Teotihuacan were trading with people along the Mexican coast. In antiquity the entire pyramid was painted. Today it is hidden by the adosada platform built in the 4th century hinting at political restructurisation of Teotihuacan during that time. Burials at the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent The people of Teotihuacan believed in ritual sacrifice to satisfy the gods. Multiple burials were found at the pyramid, and it is believed that they were sacrificed as part of the dedication of the temple. The numbers of the burials are 4, 8, 9, 13, 18, and 20 these numbers represent significant ideology in Mesoamerica. There are four directions in the world, nine layers of their underworld, thirteen layers of heaven and earth, and a ritual calendar of thirteen months of twenty days or two hundred and sixty day calendar, and a solar calendar of eighteen months of twenty days. Relation to the Calendar As stated above there was a correlation between the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent and a calendar for the people of Teotihuacan. The pyramid also is thought to contain two hundred and sixty feathered serpent heads between the platforms. Each of these feathered serpents also contains an open area in its mouth. This open area is big enough to put a place holder in. Thus, it is believed that the people of Teotihuacan would move this place marker around the pyramid to represent the ritual calendar. When a spiritual day would arrive the people would gather within the walls of the Ciudadela and celebrate the ritual. The Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent was not only a religious center but also a political center as well. The rulers of Teotihuacan were not only the leaders of men they were also the spiritual leaders of the city. The two mansions near the pyramid are thought to have been occupied by powerful families. An interesting feature of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid is that there are examples of a shift in power or ideology in Teotihuacan and for the Pyramid itself. The construction of the Adosada platform came much later than the Feathered Serpent Pyramid. The Adosada platform is built directly in front of the pyramid and blocks its front view. Thus, it is thought that the political leaders lost favor or that the ideology of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid lost virtue and was covered up by the Adosada. Teotihuacan Ruins Yield 1,800 Year Old Tunnels and Tomb The Epoch Times - August 8, 2010 For nearly 100 years, archeologists have searched for clues to the identity of the monarchs of the ancient city of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico. On Tuesday archeologists announced they have found what they believe is a tunnel and possibly leading to a rulers tomb. The long sealed tunnel is believed to be more than 1,800 years old. With the use of a camera and ground-penetrating scanner, archeologists have so far found that the tunnel extends about 37 yards and leads to what appears to be a tomb chamber. In the tomb chamber, archeologists reported finding rich offerings, including almost 50,000 objects of stone, jade, shell and pottery, including rare ceramic beakers. They have not confirmed that chamber contains the remains or imagery of a ruler. The first hint of where the tunnel lay came in 2003 when a heavy rainstorm caused the ground to sink at the foot of the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl in the central ceremonial area of the ruins, which lie approximately 340 miles north of Mexico City. Unlike any other pre-Hispanic metropolises that contain remains of deified rulers, Teotihuacan has to date not yielded a single depiction of a ruler, or even the tomb of a monarch. Teotihuacan is a large, sprawling complex of temples, avenues and plazas, still used for ceremony by many native Mexican tribes. It is home to the Jaguar Temple, Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, and the towering Pyramids of the Moon and the Sun. Researchers believe that the tunnel was deliberately closed off, between A. D. 200 and 250 and was a central element around which the rest of the ceremonial complex was built, making it the most sacred aspect of the ruins. The city is believed to have had more than 100,000 inhabitants and scientists posit it may have been the largest and most influential city in pre-Hispanic North America at the time. The city reached its height between 100 B. C. and A. D. 750 and was designated Teotihuacan by the Aztecs who discovered it in the 1300s. Teotihuacan means the place where men become gods. Since no names, images or other references to rulers have been found in Teotihuacans stone carvings and exquisite murals, one theory is that city rule may have been shared among multiple leaders, its four precincts possibly ruled by alternating leaders. In 1987 Teotihuacan was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is one of the most visited archaeological sites in Mexico. After eight months of excavation, archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) have located, 12 meters below. the entrance to the tunnel leading to a series of galleries beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Quetzalcoatl in the Archaeological Area of Teotihuacan. where the remains of rulers of the ancient city could have been deposited. In a tour made by to site today with the media, archaeologist Sergio Chavez Gomez, director of the Tlalocan Project went below the ground and announced the advances in the systematic exploration undertaken by the INAH of the underground conduit, which was closed for about 1,800 years by the inhabitants of Teotihuacan themselves and where no one has gone in since then. INAH specialists hope to enter the tunnel in a couple of months and will be the first to enter after hundreds of years since it was closed. This excavation, which represents the most profound that has been done in the pre-Hispanic site, is part of the commemorations for the first 100 years of uninterrupted archaeological explorations (made in 1910) also called the City of Gods. Gomez Chavez explained that the tunnel passes under the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, the most important building of the Citadel, and the entry was located a few meters from the pyramid. Access is by a vertical shaft of about five meters per side down to a depth of 14 meters from the surface, the entrance leads into a long corridor with an estimated length of 100 meters which ends in a series of underground chambers excavated in the rock. The tunnel was discovered in late 2003 by Sergio Gomez and Julie Gazzola, but its exploration has required several years of planning and managing the financial resources necessary to carry out research at the highest scientific level. The team is composed of more than 30 people and has advisors renowned nationally and internationally. Before starting the excavations, the archaeologists from INAH had the collaboration of Dr. Victor Manuel Velasco, from the Institute of Geophysics of the UNAM, through a the use of a GPR it was determined that the tunnel has a length of about 100 meters, and has large chambers inside. Another of the technologies used in the exploration has been the laser scanner, a sophisticated device with high resolution, facilitated by the National Coordination of Historical Monuments (CNMH). INAH made the three-dimensional record of the archaeological finds. Just a couple of weeks ago, archaeologists corroborated that the tunnel entrance was located in the place they had anticipated, then opened a small hollow hole at the top of the access, and using the scanner took the first images from inside the tunnel to a length of 37 meters, of the 100 it is estimated to have in length. Although we need to excavate two more meters to reach the floor of the tunnel, having the first images of the inside will allow us to better plan how to enter. Even so, we will have to withdraw a large amount of soil and a heavy block of stone that blocks the access. The whole process could take two more months of work, as we continue with the same systematic exploration that we have done from the start to avoid losing important information that lets us know what activities the citizens of Teotihuacan performed thousands of years ago and why they decided to close it, said archaeologist Sergio Gomez. So far, 200 tons of earth have been withdrawn, he said, while doing this we have found about 60,000 pieces of artifacts and pottery. Angel Mora, who belongs to the Technology Support Unit of the CNMH, and engineer Juan Carlos Garcia, who operates the scanner, said that by introducing the laser, which has a range of 300 meters, through the small hollow opening the archaeologists made, there was only a length of 37 meters. Mora noted that this reading is because the laser beam runs into something, maybe with some collapsed stones or because the tunnel has a gap. Gomez reported that it has not yet been precisely determined the time of construction of the tunnel, however it he has a better idea of when it was closed by the people from Teotihuacan. Several indications suggest that access to the underground passage was closed between 200 and 250 AD, probably after depositing something inside. One of the hypotheses postulate that, within the large chamber detected by the GPR, we could locate the remains of important people in the city. The investigations have led to know with certainty that this tunnel was made prior to the construction of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent and the Citadel. The tunnel is contemporary with a large architectural structure, which could be a ball game court, according to theform of the ground, said the archaeologist. Unfortunately when the tunnel was closed, large stones were thrown which blocked access, and the court was also destroyed and razed by the people of Teotihuacan, only small remnants remain. Locating the entrance to the tunnel fulfills one of the most important objectives of the Project Tlalocan, to precisely confirm that the main entrance was located in the exact spot where the excavation is planned. We must continue the excavation of the vertical shaft until it reaches the floor level to thereby start scanning the tunnel towards the East. According to the hypothesis about the meaning and symbolism of the tunnel, archaeologist Sergio Gomez, said the tunnel had to be linked to concepts related to the underworld, hence it is possible that in this place were carried out initiation rituals and the divine investiture of Teotihuacan rulers, since the power was acquired in these sacred spaces. Also, it is known that rulers were buried in the holiest places. For a long time local and foreign archaeologists have attempted to locate the graves of the rulers of the ancient city, but the search has been fruitless. Thats why every day our expectations are increasing, as there are many chances that they are sitting inside a large tomb or offering. However, it is not something we are obsessed wih, the discovery and systematic exploration of the tunnel is something of great significance for archaeological research and a unique opportunity to approach the cosmogonic and religious thought of ancient Teotihuacan. Other Mesoamerican Pyramids Altun Ha is the name given ruins of an ancient Maya city in Belize, located in the Belize District about 30 miles (50 km) north of Belize City and about 6 miles (10 km) west of the shore of the Caribbean Sea. Altun Ha is a modern name in the Maya language, coined by translating the name of the nearby village of Rockstone Pond. The ancient name is at present unknown. The largest of Altun Has temple-pyramids, the Temple of the Masonry Altars, is 54 feet (16 m) high. A drawing of this structure is the logo of Belizes leading brand of beer, Belikin. The site covers an area of about 5 miles (8 km) square. The central square mile of the site has remains of some 500 structures. Archeological investigations show that Altun Ha was occupied by 200 BC. The bulk of construction was from the Maya Classic era, c. 200 to 900 AD, when the site may have had a population of about 10,000 people. About 900 there was some looting of elite tombs of the site, which some think is suggestive of a revolt against the sites rulers. The site remained populated for about another century after that, but with no new major ceremonial or elite architecture built during that time. After this the population dwindled, with a moderate surge of reoccupation in the 12th century before declining again to a small agricultural village. The ruins of the ancient structures had their stones reused for residential construction of the agricultural village of Rockstone Pond in modern times, but the ancient site did not come to the attention of archeologists until 1963, when the existence of a sizable ancient site was recognized from the air by pilot and amateur Mayanist Hal Ball. Starting in 1965 an archeological team lead by Dr. David Pendergast of the Royal Ontario Museum began extensive excavations and restorations of the site, which continued through 1970. One of the most spectacular discoveries is a large (almost 10 pounds or 5 kilograms) piece of jade elaborately carved into an image of the head of the Maya Sun God, Kinich Ahau. This jade head is considered one of the national treasures of Belize. A road connects Altun Ha to Belizes Northern Highway, and the site is accessible for tourism. Calakmul is the name of both a municipality and a major archeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, in the central part of the Yucatan Peninsula. Calakmul (also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants) is also the name given to site of one of the largest ancient Maya cities ever uncovered. It is located in the 1,800,000 acre Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, deep in the jungles of the Peten, 30 km from the Guatemalan border. First discovered from the air by biologist Cyrus L. Lundell of the Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company on December 29, 1931, the find was reported to Sylvanus G. Morley of the Carnegie Institute at Chichen Itza in March 1932. According to Lundell, who named the site, In Maya, ca means two, lak means adjacent, and mul signifies any artificial mound or pyramid, so Calakmul is the City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids. Calakmul was the major seat of power of the Kaan or Kingdom of the Snake, which first arose further north but built Calakmul into a Late Classic Era superpower ally of Caracol and rival to Tikal. A series of 11 painted vessels, dubbed Dynastic Vases, describe the ascensions of the Kaan rulers, including ancestral and legendary figures. Calakmul probably supported a population of over 50,000, and so far more than 6,250 structures have been discovered in an area of up to 70 square kilometers with a substantial northern wall and a series of water management features (Calakmuls reservoirs include the largest in the Maya world) delineating a dense core of 22 square kilometers. Calakmuls 45 meter pyramid Structure 2 is the largest Classic Era Maya temple platform known. Many of the citys monuments and structures are constructed of chalky local limestone, which has made interpretation of the site difficult. After a long period of inactivity following Morelys 1932 expedition, the city was explored by William Folan between 1984 and 1994, and is now the subject of a large-scale project of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) under Ramon Carrasco. Caracol or El Caracol is the name given to a large ancient Maya site located in the Cayo District of the nation of Belize. Caracol is about 25 miles south of Xunantunich and San Ignacio Cayo, at an elevation of 1500 feet (460 m) above sea-level, in the foothills of the Maya Mountains. The name is Spanish for The Snail the ancient Maya name may have been Oxhuitza. It is known as such due to the large numbers of these creatures found at the site on its visitation by A. H. Anderson, the then chief archaeologist to British Honduras, after its discovery in 1937 by Rosa Mai, a mahogany logger. The site was occupied as early as 1200 BCE, but had its greatest period of construction in the Maya Classic period, with over 40 monuments dated between 485CE to 889CE which record the dynastic sequence of the rulers. Ancient Caracol was one of the largest ancient Maya cities, covering some 65 square miles (168 kms) with an estimated peak population of about 120,000, or possibly as many as 180,000 people. One monument here records a military victory over the army of Tikal in 562CE, where Caracols Lord Water is shown to have captured and sacrificed Tikals Double Bird. This event is seemingly concurrent with archaeological and epigraphic evidence indicating the beginning of the Tikal Mid-Classic Hiatus, when a seeming decline in Tikals population, a cessation of monument building, and the destruction of certain monuments in the Great Plaza occurred as Caracols population and urban development seemingly skyrocketed. The site was first noted and documented in archaeological terms in 1937. More extensive explorations and documention of the site was undertaken by the University of Pennsylvania in 1951 and 1953. A project of archaeological excavations and restorations of the ancient structures at Caracol started in 1985 and is ongoing. The project is currently directed by Drs. Arlen and Diane Chase of the University of Central Florida in Orlando. The site is maintained by residential wardens from the Belize Institute of Archaeology, a sub-division of the National Institute of Culture and History, a government-run agency. The site currently accommodates an average of 15-20 tourists per day, with greater numbers during the peak season around Easter. A museum to hold the large monuments found at the site is currently being constructed. A visitor center is already at the site, and recent developments include new directional and informational signs and a house for the residential staff. The only road Caracol may be accessed by is paved for the last ten miles and leads to the Western Highway between San Ignacio and Belmopan and to Santa Elena. Caana (sky-palace) is the largest building at Caracol. It remains one of the largest man-made structures in Belize. The Mesoamerican regions largest pyramid by volume, the largest in the world by volume is the Great Pyramid of Cholula in the Mexican state of Puebla. It is also known as Tlachihualtepetl - Nahuatl for artificial mountain. The Aztecs believed that Xelhua built the pyramid. The temple-pyramid complex was built in four stages, starting from the 3rd century BCE through the 9th century CE, and was dedicated to the deity Quetzalcoatl. It has a base of 450 by 450 m (1476x1476 ft) and a height of 66 m (217 ft). According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is in fact the largest pyramid as well as the largest monument ever constructed anywhere in the world, with a total volume estimated at over 4.45 million m, even larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt which is about 2.5 million m. However the Great Pyramid of Giza is higher at 138.8 m (455 feet). Today the pyramid at first appears to be a natural hill surmounted by a church. This is the Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de los Remedios (Church of Our Lady of the Remedies), also known as the Santuario de la Virgen de los Remedios (Sanctuary of the Virgin of the Remedies), which was built by the Spanish in colonial times (1594) on the site of a pre-Hispanic temple. The church is a major Catholic pilgrimage destination, and the site is also used for the celebration of indigenous rites. Many ancient sites in Latin America are found under modern Catholic holy sites, due to the practice of the Catholic Church repurposing local religious sites. Because of the historic and religious significance of the church, which is a designated colonial monument, the pyramid as a whole has not been excavated and restored, as have the smaller but better-known pyramids at Teotihuacan. Inside the pyramid are some five miles (8 km) of tunnels excavated by El Tajin is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site near the city of Papantla, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Construction of ceremonial buildings at El Tajin began about the 1st century. Early classic Tajin shows influence of Teotihuacan early postclassic shows considerable Toltec influence. Construction continued to about the start of the 13th century, at which time the city was conquered and burned by Chichimec invaders. The site continued to be occupied after this by a smaller population, but no new large construction projects were initiated. The site was completely abandoned with the arrival of the Spanish conquerors in the early 16th century. The abandoned site was overgrown with forest. In 1785 engineer Diego Ruiz visited the site and published the first description of the site. In the early 19th century it was visited by Guillermo Dupaix, Alexander von Humboldt, and Carlos Nebel, who published additional accounts. The first archeological excavation of the site was made by Jose Garcia Payon from 1943 through 1963. The Mexican Institute of Anthropology History has made additional restoration to buildings at the site since the 1980s. The ceremonial center of the site is covers only about 1 km square, but there are mostly nonexcavated remains of subsidiary buildings extending for a considerable distance beyond. The ceremonial center has number of temple-pyramids, palaces, and several courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. The sites most famous building is the Pyramid of the Niches. The step pyramid of 6 terraces is some 60 feet high. The size is only medium as Mesoamerican pyramids go, but the architecture creates a striking and visually pleasing effect. The terraces are of well cut stone forming a series of 365 niches. A staircase rises up the pyramids east side. Originally the pyramid was topped by a temple, but little remains of this. A number of the buildings have carved relief on them, and the site also has some free standing stone stelae. Many of the sculptures depict the ritual ballgame and ritual bloodletting by the elite. The site is now a tourism destination, has a moderate sized museum. Lamanai (from Lamaanayin, submerged crocodile in Yucatec Maya) is a Mesoamerican archaeological site, and was once a considerably sized city of the Maya civilization, located in the north of Belize, in Orange Walk District. The sites name is pre-Columbian, recorded by early Spanish missionaries, and documented over a millennium earlier in Maya inscriptions as Lamanain. Lamanai was occupied as early as the 16th century BC. The site became a prominent centre in the Pre-Classic Period, from the 4th century BC through the 1st century CE. In 625 CE, Stele 9 was erected there in the Yucatec language of the Maya. Lamanai continued to be occupied up to the 17th century AD. During the Spanish conquest of Yucatan Spanish friars established two Roman Catholic churches here, but a Maya revolt drove the Spanish out. The site was subsequently incorporated by the British in British Honduras, passing with that colonys independence to Belize. The vast majority of the site remained unexcavated until the mid-1970s. Archaeological work has concentrated on the investigation and restoration of the larger structures, most notably the Mask Temple, Structure N10-9 (Temple of the Jaguar Masks) and High Temple. The summit of this latter structure affords a view across the surrounding jungle to a nearby lagoon, part of New River. A significant portion of the Temple of the Jaguar Masks remains under grassy earth or is covered in dense jungle growth. Unexcavated, it would be significantly taller than the High Temple. The first detailed description of the ruins was made in 1917 by Thomas Gann. Archeological excavations at the site began in 1974 under David M. Pendergast of the Royal Ontario Museum, which continued through 1988. Further excavations and restoration work is being conducted as of 2004. The ruins are being excavated by a team from the nearby villages of Indian Church and San Carlos. The current project is co-directed by Dr. Elizabeth Graham (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) and Dr. Scott Simmons (University of North Carolina at Wilmington). Since 2006 research at the site has been directed mostly towards artifact analysis. Major excavations will resume when funding for more artifact processing, analyses and storage is acquired. Lubaantun is a pre-Columbian ruined city of the Maya civilization in southern Belize, Central America. Lubaantun is in Belizes Toledo District, about 42 kilometres (26 mi) northwest of Punta Gorda, and approximately 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) from the village of San Pedro Columbia - at an elevation of 61 metres (200 ft) feet above mean sea level. One of the most distinguishing features of Lubaantun is the large collection of miniature ceramic objects found on site these detailed constructs are thought to have been charmstones or ritual accompanying acoutrements. The city dates from the Maya Classic era, flourishing from the AD 730s to the 890s, and seems to have been completely abandoned soon after. The architecture is somewhat unusual from typical Classical central lowlands Maya sites. Lubaantuns structures are mostly built of large stone blocks laid with no mortar, primarily black slate rather than the limestone typical of the region. Several structures have distinctive in-and-out masonry each tier is built with a batter, every second course projecting slightly beyond the course below it. Corners of the step-pyramids are usually rounded, and lack stone structures atop the pyramids presumably some had structures of perishable materials in ancient times. The centre of the site is on a large artificially raised platform between two small rivers it has often been noted that the situation is well-suited to military defense. The ancient name of the site is currently unknown Lubaantun is a modern Maya name meaning place of fallen stones. Monte Alban is a large archaeological site in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, located at 17.02deg N 96.45deg W, elevation 1941 meters. The name Monte Alban means White Mountain in the Spanish language the Zapotec name was Danipaguache, meaning Sacred Mountain of Life. The Aztecs knew it as Ocelotepec, or Jaguar Mountain. This sacred Mesoamerican city is on an artificially flattened mountain top some 400 meters above the city of Oaxaca. Monte Alban was built over a period of over 2,000 years, starting about 900 BCE, by the Zapotec people. The early art shows Olmec influence. The most impressive building period was during the Mesoamerican Classic era, from about 550 CE to 1000 CE. About 1300 CE, the Zapotec were driven out of the site and surrounding area by the Mixtec people. The Mixtec made further additions to Monte Alban until they in turn were conquered by the Spanish Conquistadores in 1521, at which time Monte Alban was abandoned. Monte Alban has many step-pyramids, temples, elite tombs, and a court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. There are also free-standing sculptured stelae, and large bas-relief carved panels in some of the buildings. The oldest carved stones at the site are the so-called Danzantes (literally, dancers), featuring drawings of people in contorted and twisted poses. Although the notion that they depict a dance is generally discredited now, there is still little agreement on what exactly the figures represent, but many archaeologists think that the dancers are representations of tortured war prisoners. Some of the original stones can be viewed in the museum at the site. Building J (the arrowhead-shaped building shown in the top picture) has also invited much speculation, due to its unusual shape and orientation. Alfonso Caso suggested it was an astrological observatory, though other theories have been offered. Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a medium-sized site, much smaller than such huge sites as Tikal or Copan, but it contains some of the finest architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings the Maya produced. The site was already long abandoned when the Spanish arrived in Chiapas. The first European to visit the ruins and publish an account was Father Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada in 1567 at the time the local Chol Maya called it Otolum meaning Land with strong houses, de la Nada roughly translated this into Spanish to give the site the name Palenque, meaning fortification. Palenque also became the name for the town (Santo Domingo del Palenque) which was built over some peripheral ruins down in the valley from the main ceremonial center of the ancient city. An ancient name for the city was Lakam Ha, which translates as Big Water or Wide Water, for the numerous springs and wide cascades that are found within the site. Palenque was the capital of the important classic-age Mayan city-state of Baakal ( Bone ). The Maya Classic City While the site was occupied by the middle Pre-Classic, it did not gain importance until several hundred years later. By 600 the first of the famous structures now visible were being constructed. Situated in the western reaches of Maya territory, on the edge of the southern highlands, Baakal was a large and vital center of Maya civilization from the 5th century AD to the 9th century. The Baakal state had a chequered career. Its original dynasts were perhaps Olmec. Politically, the city experienced diverse fortunes, being disastrously defeated by Kalakmul in 599 and again in 611. Nevertheless, Baakal produced what is arguably the best-known Maya Ajaw (king or lord), Pacal the Great, who ruled from 615 to 683, and left one of the most magnificent tomb-works of ancient Mesoamerica, beneath the Temple of Inscriptions. This is a grand temple atop a step pyramid dedicated in 692 inside is an elaborate, long hieroglyphic text carved in stone detailing the citys ruling dynasty and the exploits of Pacal the Great. A stone slab in the floor could be lifted up, revealing a passageway (filled in shortly before the citys abandonment and reopened by archeologists) to a long interior stairway leading back down to ground level and the shrinetomb of the semi-divine Pacal. Over his crypt is an elaborate stone showing him falling into the underworld, and taking the guise of one of the Maya Hero Twins in the Popul Vuh who defeated the lords of the underworld to achieve immortality. Other important structures at Palenque include: The Palace, actually a complex of several connected and adjacent buildings and courtyards built up over several generations on a wide artificial terrace. The Palace houses many fine sculptures and bas-relief carvings in addition to the distinctive four-story tower. The Temple of the Cross, Temple of the Sun, and Temple of the Foliated Cross. This is a set of graceful temples atop step pyramids, each with an elaborately carved relief in the inner chamber. They commemorate the succession of King Chan Bahlum II to the throne after the death of Pacal the Great, and show the late king passing on his greatness to his successor. These temples were named by early explorers the cross-like images in two of the reliefs actually depict the tree of creation at the center of the world in Maya mythology. The Aqueduct constructed with great stone blocks with a three-meter-high vault to make the Otulum River flow underneath the floor of Palenques main plaza. The Temple of The Lion at a distance of some 200 meters south of the main group of temples its name came from the elaborate bas-relief carving of a king seated on a throne in the form of a jaguar. Structure XII with a bas-relief carving of the God of Death. Temple of the Count another elegant Classic Palenque temple, which got its name from the fact that early explorer Jean Frederic Waldeck lived in the building for some time, and Waldeck claimed to be a Count. The site also has a number of other temples, tombs, and elite residences, some a good distance from the center of the site, a court for playing the Mesoamerican Ballgame, and an interesting stone bridge over the Otulum River some distance below the Aqueduct. A newly excavated platform atop a pyramid at the Huaca Colorada site looks out on the Peruvian desert. its yielded human remains - including five females who may have been ritually sacrificed. But its the signs of life that make a half-excavated Peruvian pyramid of the Moche culture stand out, archaeologists say. Often these pyramidal mounds were built as mortuaries more than anything else, said excavation co-leader Edward Swenson. (See pictures from the tomb of the Moche king of bling. ) The newly exposed 1,400-year-old flat-topped pyramid supported residences for up to a couple dozen elites, who oversaw and perhaps took part in copper production at the site, evidence suggests. The pre-Inca pyramid dwellers likely presided over important rituals, feasted on roasted llama and guinea pig, and drank corn beer, according to archaeologists working at the site. The Great Pyramid or Templo Mayor was the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City). The temple rose 60 m (197 ft) above the citys ritual precinct, surmounted by dual shrines to the deities Huitzilopochtli (god of war and sun) and Tlaloc (god of rain and fertility). It was mostly destroyed in 1521 after the conquest of the Aztec empire by the Spanish conquistadores under the leadership of Hernan Cortes. Remains of the lower portions of the temple complex have been discovered by modern archaeologists buried under a portion of modern Mexico City. Numerous smaller buildings and platforms associated with the temple formed a closely-situated complex around its base. A stucco relief depicting a tzompantli, or skull rack, decorated one platform leading to the temple. The temple was enlarged several times, and for the last time in 1487. The Great Temple was excavated between 1978 and 1987 in a major project directed by Eduardo Matos Moctezuma. Tikal is the largest of the ancient ruined cities of the Maya civilization. It is located in the El Peten department of Guatemala. The ruins lay on lowland rainforest. Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) the sacred tree of the Maya tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata), and mahogany (Swietenia). Regarding the fauna, agouti, spider monkeys, howler monkeys, ocellated turkeys, guans, toucans, green parrots and leaf-cutting ants can be seen there regularly. Jaguars and coatis are said to roam in the park. Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization. Monumental architecture was built here as early as the 4th century BC. The city was at its height in the Maya Classic Period, approximately 200 AD to 850 AD, after which no new major monuments were built, some of the palaces of the elite were burned, and the population gradually declined until the site was abandoned by the end of the 10th century. The name Tikal means Place of Voices or Place of Tongues in Maya, which may be an ancient name for the city, although the ancient hieroglyphs usually refer to it as Mutal or Yax Mutal, meaning Green Bundle, and perhaps metaphorically First Prophecy. Scholars estimate that at its peak its population was between 100,000 -- 200,000. The site presents hundreds of significant ancient buildings, only a fraction of which have been excavated in the decades of archeological work. The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large step pyramids supporting temples on their tops. They were numbered geographically by early explorers. They were built during the citys height from the late 7th and early 9th century. Temple I was built around 695 Temple III in 810 The largest, Temple-pyramid IV, some 72 meters (230 feet) high, was dedicated in 720. Temple V is from about 750. Temple VI was dedicated in 766.The ancient city also has the remains of royal palaces, in addition to a number of smaller pyramids, palaces, residences, and inscribed stone monuments. There is even a building which seemed to have been a jail, originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors. There are also several courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square km (23 square miles), much of which has not yet been cleared or excavated. Some of the pyramids of Tikal are over 60 meters high (200 feet).A huge set of earthworks has been discovered ringing Tikal with a 6 meter wide trench behind a rampart. Only some 9km of it has been mapped it may have enclosed an area of some 125 km square. Recently, a project exploring the earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is inconsequential as a defensive feature. In addition, some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system. The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought. Tula is a town of 28,432 (2005 census) in the southwestern part of the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico, some 100 km to the north-northwest of Mexico City. The modern town is known as Tula de Allende also a state municipality that covers part of the southeastern portion of the Pre-Columbian city. The present-day municipality has a population of 93,296 and an areal extent of 305.8 kms (118.07 sq mi), which includes numerous smaller outlying towns, the largest of which are El Llano, San Marcos, and San Miguel Vindho. Nearby are the remains of the ancient capital city of the Toltecs, also known as Tula or as Tollan. Usually identified as the Toltec capital around 980 CE, the city was destroyed at some time between 1168 or 1179. The site is at and around the junction of two rivers, the Rio Rosas and the Rio Tula. The two largest clusters of grand ceremonial architecture are nicknamed Tula Grande (the most visited by tourists) and Tula Chico. Remains of other buildings extend for some distance in all directions. In the residential areas streets were laid out in a grid pattern. The city was the largest in central Mexico in the 9th and 10th centuries, covering an area of some 12 kms with a population of at least some 30,000, possibly significantly more. While it might have been the largest city in Mesoamerica at the time, some Maya sites in the Yucatan may have rivaled its population during this period. Distinctive Toltec features here include terraced pyramids, colonnaded buildings, and relief sculptures, including the characteristic chacmools, reclining figures that may have been avatars of the rain god, Tlaloc. There are two large courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. Some of the architecture is similar to that at Chichen Itza. The site was extensively looted in Aztec times, with much of the artwork and sculpture carted off. The first scholarly description of the ruins was made by Antonio Garcia Cubas of the Mexican Society of Geography and History in 1873. The first archaeological excavations were conducted in the 1880s by French antiquarian Desire Charnay. A twenty year archaeological project under Jorge Acosta of Mexicos National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) began in 1940. In the 1970s further excavations and restorations of some structures were conducted by INAH and the University of Missouri Columbia. Parts of the site are open for tourist visits, and Tula has a small museum. Tzintzuntzan is a city in the state of Michoacan, Mexico. It stands on the eastern shore of Lake Patzcuaro, about 15 km north of the city of Patzcuaro and about 60 km west of state capital Morelia, and at some 2050 m above sea level. It serves as the administrative seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name and, in the 2000 census, reported a population of 3,610 people. The city was founded in the 13th century by the Native American Tarascan or Purepecha nation, in whose language the name means Place of the Hummingbirds. The Pre-Columbian city of Tzintzuntzan covered an area of about 7 kms. The site, which stands on a hillside above the modern town, has the remains of many step pyramids of a design typically used by the Purepecha in their ritual buildings, known locally as yacatas (by extension, the present-day archaeological site is also known as Las Yacatas). The Tzintzuntzan yacatas are of several different shapes, some rectangular, some oval or circular, and others in the distinctive Tarascan T shape. The population of the ancient city is estimated to have peaked at somewhere between 25,000 to 35,000 people. The population of the entire Lake Patzcuaro basin was between 60,000 to 100,000, spread among 91 settlements of which Tzintzuntzan was the largest. Tzintzuntzan was still the Purhepecha capital when the Spaniards arrived in 1522. First contact, led by Nuno de Guzman arrived in 1529, Chieftain Tangaxuan II was burned alive and the city largely dismantled to provide stones for Roman Catholic temples and civic buildings, most notably the large 16th century Franciscan Monastery of Santa Ana. Following the disgrace and recall of Nuno de Guzman, Vasco de Quiroga was sent to the region, and Tzintzuntzan served as the headquarters of Spanish power in the area until the bishopric was relocated to Patzcuaro in 1540. The modern town of Tzintzuntzan is known for the basketry and weaving produced there. The Monastery of Santa Ana is also still standing. It is home to several allegedly miraculous relics and icons and is reputed to have growing on its grounds what were the first olive trees to be planted in America. Tzintzuntzan municipality covers a total of 165 kms. In addition to the municipal seat, the other main settlements are Ihuatzio, Cucuchuchu, and Los Corrales. In 1995, the municipalitys total population numbered some 12,500, of whom 2550 spoke a Native American language (principally Purepecha and Ixcatec). Uxmal is a large Pre-Columbian ruined city of the Maya civilization in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Uxmal is pronounced Oosh-mahl. The place name is Pre-Columbian and it is usually assumed to be an archaic Maya language phrase meaning Built Three Times, although some scholars of the Maya language dispute this derivation. Even before the restoration work Uxmal was in better condition than many other Maya sites thanks to being unusually well built. Much was built with well cut stones not relying on plaster to hold the building together. The Maya architecture here is considered matched only by that of Palenque in elegance and beauty. The Puuc style of Maya architecture predominates. Thanks to its good state of preservation, it is one of the few Maya cities where the casual visitor can get a good idea of how the entire ceremonial center looked in ancient times. A number of temple-pyramids, quadrangles, and other monuments, some of significant size, and in varying states of preservation, are also at Uxmal. The majority of hieroglyphic inscriptions were on a series of stone stelae unusually grouped together on a single platform. The stelae depict the ancient rulers of the city, and they show signs that they were deliberately broken and toppled in antiquity some were re-erected and repaired. A further suggestion of possible war or battle is found in the remains of a wall which encircled most of the central ceremonial center. A large raised stone pedestrian causeway links Uxmal with the site of Kabah, some 18 km to the south. The site, located not far from Merida beside a road to Campeche, has attracted many visitors since the time of Mexicos independence. The first detailed account of the ruins was published by Jean Frederic Waldeck in 1838. John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood made two extended visits to Uxmal in the early 1840s, with architectdraftsman Catherwood reportedly making so many plans and drawings that they could be used to construct a duplicate of the ancient city (unfortunately most of the drawings are lost). Desire Charnay took a series of photographs of Uxmal in 1860. Some three years later Empress Carlota of Mexico visited Uxmal in preparation for her visit local authorities had some statues and architectural elements depicting phallic themes removed from the ancient facades. Sylvanus G. Morley made a map of the site in 1909 which included some previously overlooked buildings. The Mexican governments first project to consolidate some of the structures from risk of collapse or further decay came in 1927. In 1930 Frans Blom led a Tulane University expedition to the site which included making plaster casts of the facades of the Nunnery Quadrangle using these casts a replica of the Quadrangle was constructed and displayed at the 1933 Worlds Fair in Chicago, Illinois. In 1936 a further Mexican government repair and consolidation program was begun under Jose Erosa Peniche. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited on February 27, 1975 for the inauguration of the sites sound light show when the presentation reached the point where the sound system played the Maya prayer to Chaac, a sudden torrential downpour fell upon the gathered dignitaries, despite the fact that it was the middle of the dry season. Two hotels and a small museum have been built within the remains of the ancient city. Xochicalco is a pre-Columbian archaeological site in the western part of the Mexican state of Morelos. The name Xochicalco may be translated from Nahuatl as in the (place of the) house of Flowers. The site is located 38 km southwest of Cuernavaca, about 76 miles by road from Mexico City. The apogee of Xochicalco came after the fall of Teotihuacan and it has been speculated that Xochicalco may have played a part in the fall of the Teotihuacan empire. The architecture and iconography of Xochicalco show affinities with Teotihuacan, the Maya area, and the Matlatzinca culture of the Toluca Valley. Today some residents of the nearby village of Cuentepec speak Nahuatl. The main ceremonial center is atop an artificially leveled hill, with remains of residential structures, mostly unexcavated, on long terraces covering the slopes. The site was first occupied by 200 BC, but did not develop into an urban center until the Epiclassic period (A. D. 700 - 900). Nearly all the standing architecture at the site was built at this time. At its peak, the city may have had a population of up to 20,000 people. The Great Pyramid of Cholula The Great Pyramid of Cholula. also known as Tlachihualtepetl (Nahuatl for artificial mountain), is a huge complex located in Cholula. Puebla, Mexico, and is the worlds largest monument as well as the largest pyramid by volume. The temple-pyramid complex was built in four stages, starting from the 3rd century BCE through the 9th century CE, and was dedicated to the deity Quetzalcoatl. It has a base of 450 by 450 m (1476x1476 ft) and a height of 66 m (217 ft). According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is in fact the largest pyramid as well as the largest monument ever constructed anywhere in the world, with a total volume estimated at over 4.45 million m3, even larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt which is about 2.5 million m3. However the Great Pyramid of Giza is higher at 138.8 m (455 feet). The Aztecs believed that Xelhua built the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Today the pyramid at first appears to be a natural hill surmounted by a church. This is the Iglesia de Nuestra Seora de los Remedios (Church of Our Lady of the Remedies), also known as the Santuario de la Virgen de los Remedios (Sanctuary of the Virgin of the Remedies), which was built by the Spanish in colonial times (1594) on the site of a pre-Hispanic temple. The church is a major Catholic pilgrimage destination, and the site is also used for the celebration of indigenous rites. Many ancient sites in Latin America are found under modern Catholic holy sites, due to the practice of the Catholic Church repurposing local religious sites. Because of the historic and religious significance of the church, which is a designated colonial monument, the pyramid as a whole has not been excavated and restored, as have the smaller but better-known pyramids at Teotihuacan. Inside the pyramid are some five miles (8 km) of tunnels excavated by archaeologists. The nation is facing many pressing p roblems. now culminating simultaneously. But irres p onsible incumbents within government are ignoring the voters and our many pressing problems as they grow in number and severity. One major problem is a dishonest fiat-funny-money-system ( 7 77 please watch the 47 minute video andor this 777 123 minute video ). Education is required. No reforms are possible until there is, first . a fundamental change in government : I f in D oubt. V ote em O ut Currently, at this instant, the total federal debt is over 15 Trillion (as of late 2011), consisting of : Loading. National Debt Non-marketable I. O.U. s (essentially worthless) in the Social Security and Medicare Trust funds, leaving it pay-as-you-go (and requiring more borrowing), with a 78 million baby-boomer bubble approaching. Those I. O.U. s represent more massive debt, new money created out of thin air, potential hyper-inflation, continued deterioration of the U. S. Dollar . and a potential national security problem. trillions of dollars for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Katrina, bail-outs for corporations and welfare for the wealthy (i. e. rewarding failure), etc. Altogether, the total current U. S. debt (nation-wide) is about 57 trillion (in 2008 dollars), which has never been worse ever, including as a percentage of GDP (13.86 Trillion in year 2007 significantly less today due to economic decline). There are a number of abuses and economic conditions that have never been worse ever andor since the 1930s and 1940s. The total federal debt over 15 Trillion National Debt per-capita (about 47.6K per-person in 2011 U. S. dollars) has never been larger in size, and per-person. As of DEC-2010, the 14 Trillion federal National Debt per-capita was 45,161, which is 2.02 times larger than the previous record-high (which was 21,348 in year 1945 in 2010 dollars, after World War II). As of DEC-2010, the 14 Trillion federal National Debt per-capita was 45,161, which is 8.23 times larger than the it was near the end of the Great Depression (which was 5,481 in year 1941 in 2010 dollars). After 1976 (or about) is when many things started to unravel. Now, with a total of over 15 Trillion of total federal debt (as of DEC-2011), and a GDP of less than 15 Trillion (as of year 2011), the total federal debt is greater than the nations GDP The fiscal outlook is not good. And the timing for all this massive debt could not be worse, with 78 billion baby boomers that will start drawing from Social Security and Medicare. The aging of American is a factor too. So, the total current (this day) federal debt is now about 15 Trillion. and growing ever larger to nightmare proportions (as does the size and intrusiveness of federal government). The interest alone on the 15 Trillion National Debt is over 1 billion per day, and the National Debt is growing by about 6 billion per day The interest alone could exceed 43 trillion (in 2005 dollars), if we stopped borrowing and started paying 1.05 billion per day (which would take 153 years. provided interest rates did not go any higher than 4 . 5). And, there is another ever-present, incessant, insidious scheme at work too : Inflation This is over-looked by many that do not understand how it hurts most, but benefits a few. Our fiat-funny-money monetary system especially hurts savers and those on fixed incomes, who find the value of their dollars steadily being eroded by the Federal Reserves (a quasi-government controlled privately owned bank system) irresponsible, intentional, non-stop printing presses. Year-to-year inflation has been rising : However, the federal government changed the way it measures inflation in 1983 and 1998. Remember the double-digit inflation of the late 1970s and early 1980s Based on the pre-1983 measurement method, inflation today is really 15 . 6 On top of that, taxes and fuel costs are not included in the CPI (Consumer Price Index) calculations, despite federal taxes as high as 31 for some people. Consider the following : A postage stamp in year 1950 was 3 cents in year 2008, it costs 42 cents (1,400 inflation 4.74 per year for 58 consecutive years). A gallon of 90 Octane full-service gasoline cost 25 cents in 1950 today it costs 3.84 (1,536 inflation 4.91 per year for 58 consecutive years). A house in 1959 cost 14,100 todays median home price is 213,000 (1,511 inflation 4.88 per year for 58 consecutive years). A dental crown in year 1990 cost 200 today it costs 1,100 (550 inflation 11.3 per year for 18 consecutive years). An ice cream cone in year 1950 cost 5 cents today it costs 2.50 (5,000 inflation 7.1 per year for 58 consecutive years) Monthly government Medicare insurance premiums paid by seniors was 5.30 in 1970 its now 96.40 (1,819 inflation 11.34 per year for 28 consecutive years up 70 in the past 5 years) Several generations ago a person worked 1.4 months per year to pay for government now the average person works 5 months per year to pay taxes In the past, one wage-earner families lived well and built savings with minimal debt, many paying off their home and college, and educating children without loans. How about today Based on that, what do you really think the real inflation rate is What ever it is, it is too high, and it is likely to get worse. Already, inflation has been positive for 58 consecutive years : Incessant inflation, year after year, for 58 consecutive years, is exponential inflation. For example, see what 100.00 shrinks to for the current (as of AUG-2008) 5.37 inflation, after N years : The value of the money erodes year after year, which is why the U. S. Dollar is falling like a rock. The inflation is compounded exponentially (like the interest on debt). Eventually, you have what we have today, where a U . S . Dollar from year 1950 is now worth less than 11 cents. Also, notice the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the following graph. Do you remember people telling us that GDP has been growing, and that we cant be in recession without negative GDP growth GDP in nominal (current dollars) has stagnated (and probably fallen), but only recently. But look at the down-turn of the GDP in 2005 Dollars ( blue diamonds near top of graph). And look at the down-turn of the GDP in 1950 Dollars ( green diamonds near bottom of graph). GDP, measured in BOTH 2005 and 1950 Dollars, has been FALLING sharply since year 2006 (see below) That is, inflation masks the down-turn, until it is viewed relative to previous Dollar values (as shown below) : Note (above) that the dip in GDP is the largest dip since year 1900, and possibly the largest dip ever. Which period (below) looks more stable ( A or B ) Some assert that elimination of the Gold Standard and switching to the fiat-money-system stabilized the economy. It is quite possible that we would have had fewer and less severe recessions since 1913 if we had not abandoned the Gold Standard. And, while many think the Federal Reserve solved everything, did it Are things much more stable now We certainly have more inflation now (since 1913). For example, the M3 Money Supply grew from 135 billion in 1950 to 10 . 154 trillion in 2005, representing a increase by a factor or 75 . 2 But, the nation did NOT become 75 . 2 times wealthier in 55 years. The excuse is often used that the Gold Standard caused or contributed the Great Depression of 1929. While it may have contributed, and return to a Gold Standard is not recommended, there were many other contributing factors for periods of economic instability (such as wars, mismanagement of banking systems, lack of banking laws, transparency, and regulations, lack of Stock-Market laws and regulations, unscrupulous speculation, and major changes in government policies). The mismanagement of the monetary system was a major contributing factor not the Gold Standard, as often alleged. Again, there were many causes, but the Federal Reserve clearly had no idea what it was doing, and as of today, that has not changed. After all, no one can tell us where the money will come from to pay merely the interest on over 54 Trillion of nation-wide debt, much less the money to reduce the principal of 54 Trillion of nation-wide debt in order to keep it from growing ever larger, when that money does not yet exist. the panic of 1785 caused by post American Revolutionary War problems speculation currency confusion and mismanagement of banking and currency system over-expansion and debts, competition in the manufacturing sector from Great Britain, lack of significant interstate trade the British refused to conclude a commercial treaty the panic among business and propertied groups led to the demand for a stronger federal government the panic of 1792 caused by banking mismanagement and speculation the panic of 1792 arose from speculative activity following the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the founding of the First Bank of the United States (BUS), and the emergence of securities markets for bank shares and other government securities in New York City almost immediately after its establishment in 1791, the BUS over-extended notes and discounts, and then sharply reversed course speculators holding banks shares quickly sold their holdings, which had risen markedly over previous months, creati ng the nations first true securities market panic the panic of 1819 caused by post War of 1812 problems the panic of 1873 caused by banking mismanagement, over-expansion, over-production (particularly in railroad construction), Jay Cooke and Company (bank), which helped the U. S. Government finance the Civil War and also underwrote the construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad declares bankruptcy 08-SEP-1873, which precipitates the quotPanic of 1873quot and the ensuing three year depression during which more than 10,000 businesses fail European investors, where a depression is already underway in Europe, begin to call in American loans, and the The New York Stock Exchange closes its doors for 10 days the panic of 1893 caused by banking mismanagement and speculation in industrial stocks Reading Railroad files bankruptcy 10 days before Grover Cleveland takes office. The chief fear among Eastern financiers and businessmen is that in a panic the United States could easily be forced off the Gold Standard. Railroads go broke many of the great financial trusts begin to collapse European banks begin selling their American stocks and bonds, and a huge run on banks ensues, until more than 500 Banks have failed the mistake of businesses was trying to do too big a business on insufficient working capital they borrowed until borrowing became impossible, through the general contraction of credits forced on the banks, and then came the crash There are also many reasons why a Great Depression has not occurred again since after World War II : More banking laws and regulations. The growing importance of the service industries (i. e. trade, transportation, etc.) where employment is typically more stable than manufacturing. More stable industries have grown in importance, this has made the whole economy more stable and less susceptible to prolonged and severe recessions. Unemployment insurance has helped to reduce the loss of income during recessions. Social Security and Medicare helped reduce poverty of the elderly. More workers per household (and declining household incomes for most Americans). Recessions now have more of a global domestic dimension, and financial markets in many countries are more closely monitored, and investors can make investments on a global scale. This provides some stabilization. Exports and imports have become more important to business enterprises. Technology that has led to improved and faster communication systems. Global competition is helping to modernize other nations, increasing the size of the global business community. Massive illegal immigration (i. e. cheap labor) is used to help create growth, but importing the impoverished, less educated, diseased, and less skilled will make all other problems much worse. The Federal Reserve fractional banking system is a PYRAMID scheme, which can last a long time, and creating money out of thin air can delay a collapse for a long time (while creating huge debt), but is mathematically doomed to eventual collapse, when most people are unable to carry any more debt. If the Federal Reserve was so wonderful, why did the Great Depression of 1929 follow 16 years later If the Federal Reserve was so wonderful, why do we now have more inflation than before (especially since 1950) Perhaps the Federal Reserve merely used the Great Depression as an excuse to eliminate the Gold Standard The Federal Reserve wanted a fiat-funny-money system because the dishonest fiat-funny-money system is very popular among bankers and government officials, because it gives them the money to spend FIRST, early in the circulation cycle, BEFORE the currency loses its value due to inflation. This dishonest system shifts the losses to others that dont understand how they are being cheated. There are three types of depressions : n Deflationary n Hyper-inflationary n A combination of the Deflation and Hyper-inflation The results are bad either way. BOTH erode value. So, to say there hasnt been a depression since 1933 is NOT really true. The double-digit inflation, price controls, and instability of the late 1970s and early 1980s was devastating too. So, you dont have to be a rocket scientist to see how this could all culminate to create an economic melt-down . Notice above how the National Debt increased along with the M3 Money Supply. The best analogy regarding fiat-funny-money systems is like playing the game of Monopoly. and one player can print all the money they want. Before long, that player has all the money and property, and everyone else is broke or in debt. Thats how the game is won Now consider what is happening in this nation (for some time now). The banks and government print money out of thin air, and then try to loan it to everyone under the sun (including your dog literally, some people get credit card applications for their pets and children, exemplifying how eager the banks are to lend money to everyone possible). They prefer to loan it to people that have some hard assetscollateral, because its hard to get blood out of a turnip. Then, when some people default on their loans, the banks confiscate real assets and property thus . converting money (printed from thin air) into real assets and property. There is a moral issue here. How can these inflationist practices be rationalized To really understand why the dishonest fiat monetary system is so popular among some economists, the business community, bankers, and government officials, it is necessary to understand how it gives those that receive the money FIRST an advantage, early in the circulation cycle, BEFORE the currency loses its value due to inflation. This dishonest system shifts the losses to others that dont understand how they are being cheated. Thus, our money system is essentially a PYRAMID scheme, and all PYRAMID schemes collapse, eventually. Heres how it works (they dont teach this in any public schools). The Federal Reserve loans money (with interest) to member banks (which charge more interest). Up to 90 of each new bank loan is money created out of thin air. But it gets worse. For each dollar re-deposited into the fractional ( 9:1 ratio) bank system (a closed loop monopoly bank system), 9 times more new money can be created out of thin air. Depending on the size of each loan, that PYRAMID scheme can continue until 90 times more money has been created out of thin air. However, the bank is required to have 10 of their loans in reserves. For example, lets say the bank has 1111 . 11 in reserves. That means the bank can make a loan of 9 times that initial 1111 . 11, which is 10,000.00. 90 of each subsequent deposit can then be used for another loan of money created out of thin air . (001) 90 of that 10,000.00 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 9,000.00 (002) if deposited, 90 of that 9,000.00 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 8,100.00 (003) if deposited, 90 of that 8,100.00 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 7,290.00 . (088) if deposited, 90 of that 1.16 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 1.045 (089) if deposited, 90 of that 1.045 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 0.94 . (131) if deposited, 90 of that 0.013 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 0.011 (132) if deposited, 90 of that 0.011 can be loaned again, to create a new loan of 0.01 TOTAL SUM 99,888.89 (of money created out of thin air from initial 1111.11 in reserves). Thus, from the initial 1111.11 in the bank reserves, 98,888.89 (98.89 of 100,000.00) of more new money could be created out of thin air. However, the Federal Reserve and member banks are supposed to maintain at least 10 outstanding debts in their bank reserves. If the nation-wide debt is 57 Trillion, then the banks should all have at least 5.7 Trillion in reserves. Right Where will the money come from for that 57 Trillion of nation-wide debt, when only 10 (if not less) of it exists in the bank reserves But it still gets worse, because a LOAN PRINCIPAL INTEREST. And since the bank creates only the PRINCIPAL for each new loan, where does the INTEREST come from One of several things must happen : create more new money out of thin air to delay the inevitable collapse of the PYRAMID when the debt finally becomes too large, such as the recent government 152 Billion in economic stimulus checks delivered started in May-2008 and the trillions in bail-outs for failing banks, insurance companies, and corporations and the federal government is already discussing the possibility of more economic stimulus checks however, this simply creates more inflation, which explains why the U. S. Dollar has been falling for many years against all major international currencies, which also have inflation of their own too those with money must spend more money to allow more new money to be created out of thin air increase products andor natural resources (e. g. oil, steel, etc.) to sell to other nations to bring money back the wealthy share their wealth ( not likely to a ny significant extent) increase taxes on the wealthy (however, if the wealthy are taxed too much, they might up and move their wealth and businesses to another country) increase productivity via increased population (which has already been growing by 5 million per year mostly illegal aliens) increase productivity via illegal immigration (cheap labor) reduce taxes to encourage more spending reduce interest rates to encourage more spending (but this creates more debt) the government prints up more new money and gives it back to people to stimulate more spending (such as the 152 Billion in economic stimulus checks delivered starting in May-2008) foreclosures plunder pensions and other systems (e. g. Social Security surpluses) the PYRAMID finally collapses when there is finally too much debt and inflation to delay the inevitable collapse. Between year 1950 and 2005, the M3 Money Supply increased from 135 billion to 10 . 15 trillion (i. e. 75 . 2 times more money) It is a PYRAMID scheme, and all pyramid schemes eventually collapse. It did not have to be that way, but greed and selfishness prevailed, and the Federal Reserve and the federal government failed to target ZERO percent inflation. Instead, we have had positive inflation for 52 consecutive years since year 1956 As time goes on, this problem can only get worse. Also, the FDIC (which insures depositors upto 100K per person) only has about 44 Billion in reserves, which is only 1 . 47 of the 3 Trillion in nation-wide deposits, there currently are 90 troubled banks on the FDICs watch list, and IndyMac wasnt even on the watch list when it failed. Note the banks below that have collapsed in 2008 : Bank Name, Closing Date, Updated Date: 01 First Priority Bank, Bradenton, FL August 1, 2008, August 1, 2008 02 First Heritage Bank, NA, Newport Beach, CA July 25, 2008, July 25, 2008 03 First National Bank of Nevada, Reno, NV July 25, 2008, July 25, 2008 04 IndyMac Bank, Pasadena, CA July 11, 2008, July 11, 2008 05 First Integrity Bank, NA, Staples, MN May 30, 2008, July 25, 2008 06 ANB Financial, NA, Bentonville, AR May 9, 2008, July 25, 2008 07 Hume Bank, Hume, MO March 7, 2008, July 25, 2008 08 Douglass National Bank, Kansas City, MO January 25, 2008, July 25, 2008 09 Miami Valley Bank, Lakeview, OH October 4, 2007, July 25, 2008 10 NetBank, Alpharetta, GA September 28, 2007, July 25, 2008 11 Metropolitan Savings Bank, Pittsburgh, PA February 2, 2007, July 25, 2008 12 Bank of Ephraim, Ephraim, UT June 25, 2004, April 9, 2008 13 Reliance Bank, White Plains, NY March 19, 2004, April 9, 2008 14 Guaranty National Bank of Tallahassee, Ta llahassee, FL March 12, 2004, July 25, 2008 15 Dollar Savings Bank, Newark, NJ February 14, 2004, April 9, 2008 16 Pulaski Savings Bank, Philadelphia, PA November 14, 2003, July 22, 2005 17 The First National Bank of Blanchardville, Blanchardville, WI May 9, 2003 July 25, 2008 18 Southern Pacific Bank, Torrance, CA February 7, 2003, July 25, 2008 19 The Farmers Bank of Cheneyville, Cheneyville, LA December 17, 2002, October 20, 2004 20 The Bank of Alamo, Alamo, TN November 8, 2002, March 18, 2005 21 AmTrade International Bank of Georgia, Atlanta, GA September 30, 2002, September 11, 2006 22 Spanish Version September 30, 2002, September 11, 2006 23 Universal Federal Savings Bank, Chicago, IL June 27, 2002, April 9, 2008 24 Connecticut Bank of Commerce, Stamford, CT June 26, 2002, July 25, 2008 25 New Century Bank, Shelby Township, MI March 28, 2002, March 18, 2005 26 Net 1st National Bank, Boca Raton, FL March 1, 2002, April 9, 2008 27 NextBank, N. A. Phoenix, AZ February 7, 2002, July 2 5, 2008 28 Oakwood Deposit Bank Company, Oakwood, OH February 1, 2002, July 25, 2008 29 Bank of Sierra Blanca, Sierra Blanca, TX January 18, 2002, November 6, 2003 30 Hamilton Bank, N. A. Miami, FL, Spanish Version January 11, 2002, July 25, 2008 31 Sinclair National Bank, Gravette, AR September 7, 2001, February 10, 2004 32 Superior Bank, FSB, Hinsdale, IL July 27, 2001, July 25, 2008 33 The Malta National Bank, Malta, OH May 3, 2001 November, 18, 2002 34 First Alliance Bank amp Trust Company, Manchester, NH February 2, 2001, February 18, 2003 35 National State Bank of Metropolis, Metropolis, IL December 14, 2000, March 17, 2005 36 Bank of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI October 13, 2000, March 17, 2005 Also, look at this unofficial list of 186 banks with negative or near-zero assets. The only thing stopping the collapse of this debt-pyramid is the time-lag by creating more debt and creating more money out of thin air. But that time-lag is shrinking every day, as the ability to repay debt becomes more difficult. Debt will grow larger and larger. The time it takes to finally collapse fools people. Creating more money out of thin air to delay the collapse will make inflation get worse and worse. It could take decades or centuries, but the inevitable collapse is a mathematical certainty. Eventually, the debt and inflation will become impossible to deal with. Eventually, you will need a truck load of dollars to buy a mere loaf of bread. We will not be able to create more debt to create more money. We will not be able to spend our way out of the collapse. We will not be able to print (money) our way out of the collapse (due to inflation). We will not be able to immigrate our way out of the collapse. We will not be able to procreate our way out of the collapse. We will not be able to increase productivity enough to avoid the collapse. We will not be able to tax (or un-tax) our way out of the collapse. Look at our current situation and results of this PYRAMID scheme : 57 Trillion of total nation-wide debt plundered pensions (PBGC pensions are 450 Billion in the hole) record level foreclosures (308,000 per month as of AUG-2008) rising bankruptcies rising unemployment (13.2-to-30.7 Million unemployed 8.5-to-19.8 unemployment and rising) please watch this animation pressure to raise taxes pressures to increase illegal immigration to increase productivity and growth (cheap labor) stock market and real-estate bubbles and volatility the M3 Money Supply of 135 Billion in year 1950 increased to 10.15 Trillion by year 2005 (by a factor of 75.2) inflation a 1950 U. S. Dollar is now worth less than 11 cents the pressure to spend and borrow (i. e. numerous credit card applications in the daily mail) bank fees (i. e. to increase reserves for more loans the banks receive the interest) the U. S. Dollar falling against all major international currencies and now, the recently proposed 152 Billion econo mic stimulus package (proposed FEB-2008) with more created out of thin air, will increase the time-lag to prevent the collapse of the PYRAMID scheme, but it is only a short-term solution and will make things worse, long-term Highly placed sources in banking and business circles in Europe and South America warn that unless the U. S. government moves quickly to control the spending which is ballooning its deficit, America is in imminent danger of South American Banana Republic style hyperinflation. - Jack Anderson Hyperinflation will be more devastating than a credit crunch. Hyperinflation will wipe out the middle-class by destroying the value of cash, savings, incomes, bonds, Social Security, and other paper instruments. And how will it affect the stock markets Recently : the federal government provided 5 . 2 Trillion for protecting FannieFreddie liabilities of which about 600 billion will likely default the Federal Reserve having now polluted its balance sheet by some 700 Billion worth of toxic mortgage bonds with a 41 . 6 default rate (291 billion in likely defaults) the federal government provided 85 billion and then another 38 Billion in bailouts for AIG and now (SEP-2008), the Federal Reserve and federal treasury are asking for some 700 billion more (passed via BILL H. R. 1424) to bail out more financial firms. It seems clear that the winds of hyperinflation are upon us. What will be the comparative effect of this addiction to money-printing, borrowing, and the resulting hyperinflation upon index funds, like DIA, QQQ, and SPY, versus bonds and cash Hyperinflation has happened before and it can happen again. Today, we have the perfect ingredients for hyperinflation. Hyperinflation is not uncommon and has occurred in the following countries in the last 150 years : Weimar Republic of Germany 1920 1923 (1466 billionth of starting value), Zimbabwe 2003 - present (6 quadrillionth of the starting value and continuing to fall), Former Soviet Union 1993 2002 (114th of starting value), Argentina 1975 1983 (11,000th of starting value), Austria 1921 1923 (about 14 of starting value), Bolivia 1984 - 1986 (11,000 of starting value) Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992 1993 (1100,000th of starting value), Brazil 1960 1994 (1 trillionth of starting value), Chile 1971 1973 (13rd of starting value), China 1947 1955 (110,000th of starting value), Greece 1943 1953 (150 trillionth of starting value), Hungary 1945 1946 (100 quintillionth of the starting value), Hungary 1922 1923 (14 of starting value), Israel 1976 1986 (116th of starting value), Japan 1934 1951 (1362nd of starting value), Poland 1990 94 (110,000th of starting value), U. S.A. (Confederate States of Ame rica) 1861 1865 (190th of starting value, and then, by the end of the Civil War, the Confederate Dollar depreciated to zero). It also happened in the ancient Roman Empire, when the silver and gold coinage of that day was progressively debased with base metals, in order to fund wars, giveaways to the Plebeians, and various other adventures. There are many additional examples that I have not bothered to cover here. For anyone who thinks it is bad now, they quite possibly havent seen anything yet. But this is not taught in public schools (see 47 minute video or this 123 minute video ), and probably not in many (if any) universities either. All of the above are the many manifestations of unchecked greed, and there will eventually be painful consequences for most people when the inescapable mathematical certainty that dooms all PYRAMID scheme finally comes to the end of the cycle. One potential SOLUTION - Reform the Monetary System: The federal government controls the monetary system creates the money it needs (i nterest free ), and controls the money-supply. The federal government shall prohibit usury (interest) by government and member banks. Private banks are still free to lend money with interest, but usury will be less of a problem. If a lot of interest is bad (i. e. usury is immoral), how can a little interest be good If inflation is bad, how is a little inflation good This creates a stable money supply with the flexibility for small fluctuations. If inflation is too high, some money in circulation can be removed. If there is deflation, or the population increases, the government can create and spend some money. If they do a bad job of it, the voters know exactly who to hold accountable. Currently, the Federal Reserve is a quasi-government controlled privately owned bank, and the voters have little (if any) control over it. Why would people borrow from a bank (with interest) when they can borrow from the government, interest free Thus, there would be little (if any) usury. Usury, predatory lending, and other manifestations of unchecked greed and the other numerous negative side effects would be greatly reduced. If properly managed, without profit and usury as a motive, the U. S. currency would become superior to any other world currency. Theoretically, if managed responsibly, with the central bank in control of the monetary policy (instead of the current quasi-government controlled privately owned bank system ), there may also be no need for any tax system That is, inflation and deflation would affect everyones money an equal percentage (better than the current regressive tax system ). Of course, such a vast change in the monetary and tax systems would require new ways of thinking about money, interest, borrowing, taxation, and monetary policy, and there are many (e. g. politicians and bankers a. k.a. puppets and puppeteers) that will resist such changes. This is unlikely to happen, but the gargantuan debt-bubble of nightmare proportions may provide sufficient motivation to consider such a monetary reform But, since this way of funding the federal government is unlikely any time soon, the least we can do now is to greatly simplify the current, ridiculously complex and regressive tax system (e. g. make it a more fair, flat 17 income tax on all types of income above the poverty level). The current dishonest and usurious pyramid-scheme monetary system explains why the nation is swimming in massive debt . which has NEVER been worse (including as a percentage of GDP) : Total Domestic Financial Sector Debt 17.2 Trillion Total Household Debt 13.8 Trillion (for year 2007) Total Business Debt 11.1 Trillion Total Other Foreign Debt 1.9 Trillion Total Federal Government National Debt 15 Trillion Total State and Local Government Debt 2.2 Trillion Total over 57 Trillion The total nation-wide 57 Trillion has never been larger ever, both in size and as a percentage of the 15 Trillion GDP 57 Trillion it is over 184K of debt p er p erson (U. S. population310 Million as of 2009), but only a tiny 2 of the U. S. population owns most of the wealth in the U. S. (a wealth disparity gap that never worse since the Great Depression). Where will the money come from to repay 57 Trillion of nation-wide debt, much less the interest on that debt (which could be larger than the original principal debt of 57 Trillion itself) more unfunded liabilities (e. g. hundreds of billions of unfunded Medicare liabilities, ongoing wars in Iraq, and ongoing war in Afghanistan) job displacement by tens of millions of ille g al aliens , and hundreds of thousands of H-1B Visas and H-2B Visas (depressing wages further) unfair taxation : the tax system is re g ressive . whereby Warren Buffet paid 17 . 7 in federal taxes on 46 Million and his secretary paid 30 in federal taxes on 60K (in year 2006) the bottom 80 shoulder the largest percentage of their income to pay the crushing government debt (including future generations). Why has the nation-wide debt (see below) been growing for over 52 years (not only in magnitude, but as a percentage of GDP (13 . 86 Trillion in 2007)) Hence, the nation is enslaved to massive, growing debt that is inherent with a usurious, 9-to-1 fractional lending pyramid scheme. The excessive debt and money-printing helps to explain one of the ways vast wealth has shifted in the last 30 years (see below). The 1 of the total U. S. population that once had 20 (in year 1976 ) of all wealth now has 40 of all wealth. Hence, the saying: The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer : If we started now trying to pay back only the 11.4 Trillion National Debt, at only a 2.5 interest rate, it could take centuries to merely pay down 33 of the total National Debt : The total interest and debt would be over 74.8 Trillion Its could take literally centuries to pay down the total federal debt. And that is for only 2.5 interest. The actual interest on the National Debt in year 2007 was already higher ( 432 Billion) than the 279.6 Billion scenario above. Whats the likelihood of our Do-Nothing Congress ever having the discipline to do that The nation-wide debt is over 57 Trillion (as of MAR-2009): Total Domestic Financial Sector Debt 17.2 Trillion Total Household Debt 13.8 Trillion (for year 2007) Total Business Debt 11.1 Trillion Total Other Foreign Debt 1.9 Trillion Total Federal Government National Debt 15 Trillion Total State and Local Government Debt 2.2 Trillion Total over 57 Trillion If we started now trying to pay back the total 57 Trillion nation-wide debt (at 2.0 interest rate), it could take over 262 years, and that would require that we stop borrowing 3 billion per day, and start paying back more than the daily interest of 3.125 billion : The total interest and debt would be over 301 Trillion This should all be very alarming to Americans. No one can answer the question : Where will the money come from Those that understand must help to energize their friends, family, and associates, and help to spread the word. No one knows what the future holds, but doing nothing will accomplish nothing. Especially if voters still choose to (despite the many compelling reasons ) repeatedly re-elect, reward, and empower the very same irresponsible. bought-and-paid-for, look-the-other-way, incumbent politicians that use and abuse the voters, and continue to ignore the nations pressing problems. growing in number and severity . threatening the future and security of the nation. And, our education is already in the pipeline. Are we now facing a recession, and with so much debt (and interest due daily on that debt), will likely see more inflation. Even though we have been brainwashed to believe 3 to 4 inflation is OK, it isnt. Not when inflation is incessant, year after year (since year 1956), becoming exponential, like reverse compound interest. Also, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are causing inflation . Some of the consequences are from a trend that started around 1976. Look at all the graphs above (after 1976 ). Look at the National Debt in 2005 dollars (the black line with black squares). Also, look at the Debt-to-GDP ratio (after 1976 ). Also look at the GDP for in both 1950 dollars ( green diamonds at bottom of graph) and 2005 dollars ( blue diamonds see ZOOMed graph ). Both have been falling since year 2006 when measured in both 1950 and 2005 dollars. That has never happened before. With the growing debt, the Federal Reserve and government may have NO choice but to print MORE money. That will cause inflation, and that can cause recessions and bubbles. But, to make the matter even worse, is this : more borrowing too Why (1) Because the borrowing will create a snow ball effect, in which it creates more pressure to print more money. (2) The government and Fed have not demonstrated fiscal discipline since 1976 (or earlier). (3) The government is FOR SALE. Politicians are more bought-and-paid-for and irresponsible . (4) The Do-Nothing Congress will still refuse to pass many badly-needed, no-brainer, common-sense reforms . Congress is where good ideas and solutions go to die in a sea of corruption, influence peddling, rank favor-trading, graft, pork-barrel. waste. and look-the-other-waybought-and-paid-for incumbent politicians. That goes for BOTH parties . Consider the following issues related to excessive debt and money-printing : Look at the inflation on the bar chart (it shows MUCH more inflation since 1913). Look at the CPI graph (it shows inflation upon inflation upon inflation especially after WWII). Look at the M3 Money Supply growth by a factor of 75.2 times between 1950 and 2005 (but we are NOT 75.2 times wealthier). Look at the nation swimming in debt (over 20 trillion in personal debt, nationwide) Look at the Federal Reserve and banks printing excessive amounts of money (out of thin air) and then trying to loan it to everyone possible (and their dogs and children literally, some peoples pets are getting credit card applications, and they come in the mail every day) Look at the confiscation of real assets and property when people default on their loans, converting money (printed from thin air) into real assets. Foreclosures have been rising sharply for almost two years, and rising interest rates for the past two years is not helping. Neither is the large number of people borrowing on the equity in their homes (just like playing Monopoly where one person can print all the money they want). Look at the moral issue and nefarious reasons created to defend inflationist practices. Look at the massive debt causing pressure to print even more money. Look at the Monopoly analogy (i. e. in which one player can print all the money they like before long everyone else is broke or in debt). That analogy is quite accurate. Look at how banks are so eager to loan out money printed out of thin air. Look at the gradual shift of wealth distribution . In 1976, 1 of the U. S. population owned 20 of all wealth. Now, 1 of the U. S. population owns 40 of all wealth. That is yet another side effect of inflationist practices and massive debt. Look at the massive total federal debt of 22 trillion (thats 164 of GDP), which creates pressure to print money and induce inflation to shrink debt (but erodes everyone elses hard earned income). Look at the Great Depression 16 years after creating the Federal Reserve. If the Federal Reserve and a fiat-funny-money system is so great, why wasnt the Great Depression avoided Look at the lack of saving, which is partly because of inflation and massive debt . Look at the bubbles bubble after bubble, which is partly because of inflation as people search for someplace to put their money to stop the erosion of their hard-earned income (stocks, real-estate, gold, etc. for example, when stocks plummeted in 1999, people fled to real-estate. But, by 2006, that bubble burst too, and people fled back to stocks and other things) Weve been crappin in our own nest for decades, and it may now only be a matter of time before the bough it rests upon finally snaps. Obviously, thats not too smart is it If we all keep crappin in our own nest, how long before the bough it all rests upon finally snaps, and this house of cards comes crashing down Yet, too many voters continue to repeatedly reward THEIR incumbent politicians with 85-to-90 re-election rates. Obviously, too many voters care more about THEIR party than their country Oh well, thats the voters choice. In a voting nation, an educated electorate is paramount, and voters are going to get their education one way or another. At any rate, the voters have the government that they voters elect (and re - elect, and re - elect, and re - elect. at least until that becomes too painful ). We are grateful to the Washington Post, the New York Times, Time Magazine, and other great publications whose directors have attended our meetings and respected the promises of discretion for almost forty years. It would have been impossible for us to develop our plan for the world if we had been subject to the bright lights of publicity during those years. But the world is now more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a world-government. The supranational sovereignty of an intellectual elite and world bankers is surely preferable to the National auto-determination practiced in past centuries. - David Rockefeller . in an address to the Trilateral Commission meeting, year 1991. quotU. S.A. s balance of payments deficits is so strong and irreversible, that we must accept that at some future date there will be a run against the U. S. Dollar. Probably the kind of disorderly run that precipitates a global financial crisis. quot - Dr. Paul A. Samuelson, Nobel Prize Winner in Economics, year 2005. The government should create, issue, and circulate all the currency and credits needed to satisfy the spending power of the Government and the buying power of consumers. By the adoption of these principles, the tax payers will be saved immense sums of interest. The privilege of creating and issuing money is not only the supreme prerogative of government, but it is the governments greatest creative opportunity. - Abraham Lincoln . assassinated President of the U. S. Whoever controls the volume of money in our country is absolute master of all industry and commerce. and when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate. - James A. Garfield . assassinated President of the U. S. The process by which banks create money is so simple that the mind is repelled. - John Kenneth Galbraith . Economist Until the control of the issue of currency and credit is restored to government and recognized as its most conspicuous and sacred responsibility, all talk of sovereignty of Parliament and of democracy is idle and futile. Once a nation parts with control of its credit, it matters not who makes the nations laws. Usury once in control will wreck any nation. - William Lyon MacKenzie King . former Prime Minister of Canada (who also succeeded in nationalizing the Bank of Canada). In 1913, the struggle for a better monetary system was lost when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, giving the privately owned international banking cartel the power to create the United States money. Later, Woodrow Wilson stated: I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated governments in the civilized world, no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men. - Woodrow Wilson . President of the U. S. 1913-1921. Some of the biggest men in the United States, in the field of commerce and manufacture, are afraid of something. They know there is a power somewhere so organized, so subtle, so watchful, so interlocked, so complete, so pervasive, that they had better not speak above their breath when the speak in condemnation of it. - Woodrow Wilson . President of the U. S. 1913-1921. quotFiat money is the cause of inflation, and the amount which people lose in purchasing power is exactly the amount which was taken from them and transferred to their governments by this process. ( G. Edward Griffin . The Creature from Jekyll Island) A fiat monetary system allows power and influence to fall into the hands of those who control the creation of new money, and to those who get to use the money or credit early in its circulation. The insidious and eventual cost falls on unidentified victims who are usually oblivious to the cause of their plight. This system of legalized plunder (though not constitutional) allows one group to benefit at the expense of another. An actual transfer of wealth goes from the poor and the middle class to those in privileged financial positions. ( Congressman Ron Paul (R-TX), Paper Money and Tyranny) quotWhen the President signs this bill converting to a fiat-money system, the invisible government of the monetary power will be legalized. the worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill. quot ( Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. 1913 ) Whoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of all industry and commerce. ( Paul Warburg . drafter of the Federal Reserve Act) Permit me to issue and control the money of a nation and I care not who makes its laws. ( Mayer Amschel Rothschild ) Centralization of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly. ( Fifth plank of the Communist Manifesto, 1848 ) Ideologically, sound money belongs in same class with political constitutions and bills of rights. In the name of civil liberty and civilization itself, the Fed should be abolished. ( Ludwig von Mises ). Senator, Warren G. Harding . who was elected to the Presidency in 1920, said in a 1921 Congressional inquiry that the Reserve was a private banking monopoly. He said: The Federal Reserve Bank is an institution owned by the stockholding member banks. The Government has not a dollars worth of stock in it. His term was cut short in 1923 when he mysteriously died, leading to rumors that he was poisoned. This claim was never substantiated because his wife would not allow an autopsy. In 1993, Senator Bob Kerrey promised to support President Bill Clintons Budget Plan, if Clinton would appoint a Committee to study the condition of the American economy. The President established a 32-member bipartisan committee and in August, 1994, they issued their report. According to the committees findings, by the year 2012, unless drastic changes are made, we wont even be able to pay the interest on the national debt. Knowing this, the federal government has allowed the trend to continue, almost as if theyre trying to run our economy into the ground. It seems obvious that the destruction of the American economy will eventually be a result of trying to keep people in deep debt, and financially enslaved. In a letter to Edward M. House (President Woodrow Wilsons closest aide), dated November 23, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt said: The real truth of the matter is, and you and I know, that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government of the U. S. since the days of Andrew Jackson. I sincerely believe. that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies, and that the principle of spending money to be paid by posterity under the name of funding is but swindling futurity on a large scale. ( Thomas Jefferson ) quotOf all the contrivances for cheating the laboring classes of mankind, none has been more effective than that which deludes them with paper money. quot ( Daniel Webster ) All the perplexities, confusion and distresses in America arise not from defects in the constitution or confederation, nor from want of honor or virtue, as much from downright ignorance of the nature of coin, credit, and circulation. ( John Adams ) There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose. ( Lord John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), renowned British economist ) . Only small secrets need to be protected. The big ones are kept secret by public incredulity. - Marshall McLuhan . media guru
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